Jerin kwayar cholesterol a hanta

Canjin lanosterol zuwa cikin cholesterol ana yin shi a cikin membranes na endoplasmic hepatocyte reticulum. Bondulla ƙawance biyu a cikin kwayar zarra na farko. Wannan tasirin yana cin dumbin makamashi ta amfani da NADPH a matsayin mai bayarwa. Bayan tasirin enzymes masu canzawa iri iri akan lanosterol, cholesterol ya bayyana.

Sufuri Q10

Wani muhimmin aiki na cholesterol shine kuma Canja wurin Q10. Wannan fili yana da alhakin kare membrane daga mummunan tasirin enzymes. Yawancin wannan mahallin ana samarwa ne a wasu bangarori, sannan kawai sai ya shiga cikin jini. Ba shi da ikon ya ratsa cikin sel da kansa, don haka don wannan dalili yana buƙatar mai ɗauka. Cholesterol yayi nasarar magance wannan aikin.

Ayyukan Haɗi na asali

Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, wannan kayan zai iya zama da amfani ga mutane, ba shakka, kawai idan muna magana ne akan HDL.

Dangane da wannan, ya zama a bayyane cewa ikirarin cewa cholesterol yana da lahani ga ɗan adam kuskure ne.

Cholesterol kasancewarsa kwayar halittar halitta:

• ya shiga cikin tsarin halittar maza na jima'i,
• yana tabbatar da aiki na al'ada na masu karban serotonin a cikin kwakwalwa,
• shine babban sinadari na bile, haka kuma sinadarin bitamin D, wanda ke da alhakin shan kitsen,
• yana hana aiwatar da lalata rukunin abubuwan kwatankwacin ƙwayar cuta a ƙarƙashin tasirin tsattsauran ra'ayi.

Amma tare da kyawawan kaddarorin, kayan suna iya samun lahani ga lafiyar ɗan adam. Misali, LDL na iya haifar da ci gaban cututtuka masu mahimmanci, da farko suna ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban atherosclerosis.

A cikin hanta, an samar da kwayoyin halitta a ƙarƙashin rinjayar HMG redutase. Wannan shine babban enzyme wanda ya shafi biosynthesis. Maganin hanawa na faruwa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar martani mara kyau.

Tsarin kirkiro wani abu a cikin hanta yana da wata alaƙar dangantaka tare da yawan sinadarin da yake shiga jikin mutum da abinci.

Ko da mafi sauki, an bayyana wannan tsari ta wannan hanyar. Hannun kansa yana daidaita matakan cholesterol. Duk lokacin da mutum ya ci abinci mai dauke da wannan kayan, to sai an samar da karancin kayan masarufi a jikin kwayoyin halittar, kuma idan muka yi la’akari da cewa ana cin kitsen tare da kayayyakin da ke dauke da shi, to wannan tsari na tsari yana da matukar muhimmanci.

Fasali na aikin kwayoyin halitta

Tsofaffi masu lafiya na yau da kullun suna haɓaka HDL a cikin kimanin kimanin 1 g / rana kuma suna cinye kusan 0.3 g / rana.

Matsakaicin matakin kwayar cholesterol a cikin jini yana da irin wannan darajar - 150-200 mg / dl. Kula da mafi yawan ta hanyar sarrafa matakin kira na denovo.

Yana da mahimmanci a san cewa haɗin HDL da LDL na asalin halittar an rage ta hanyar rage cin abinci.

Ana amfani da sinadarin cholesterol, daga abinci da kuma hadadden hanta, a cikin samuwar membranes, a cikin kwayar halittun steroid da kuma bile acid. Ana amfani da mafi girman kashin a cikin abubuwan da ake kira bile acid.

An ci gaba da ɗaukar abubuwan HDL da LDL ta sel kwatankwacin matakan abubuwa uku:

1. Gua'idar Aiki na HMGR
2. Rea'idar ƙwayar cholesterol da ta wuce kima ta hanyar aikin O-acyltransferase sterol, SOAT1 da SOAT2 tare da SOAT2, wanda shine babban aiki mai yawa a cikin hanta. Tsarin farko na waɗannan enzymes shine ACAT don acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase. Enzymes ACAT, ACAT1, da ACAT2 sune acetyltransAra acetyltransferases 1 da 2.
3. Ta hanyar sarrafa matakan cholesterol na plasma ta hanyar LDL-mai karɓar karɓaɓɓen karɓa da HDL-matsakaita jigilar kayayyaki.

Guaƙƙarfan aikin HMGR shine babbar hanyar sarrafa matakin biosynthesis na LDL da HDL.

Enzyme ana sarrafawa ta hanyoyi daban-daban guda huɗu:

• amsa hanawa,
• sarrafa bayanan martaba,
• kumburin enzyme,
• murza-mai murdiya.

Hanyoyin sarrafa abubuwa uku na farko suna aiki kai tsaye akan abu da kansa. Cholesterol yana aiki azaman hanawar dawo da martani daga HMGR data gabata, kuma yana haifar da lalata lalacewar enzyme. Karshen sakamakon sakamakon polyubiquitination na HMGR da lalata shi a cikin kariyar. Wannan ikon shine sakamakon yanki mai kulawa da satar bayanan HMGR SSD.

Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta kasance fiye da kima, adadin mRNA don HMGR yana raguwa sakamakon raguwar bayyanar asalin.

Enzymes da ke cikin aikin

Idan kayan aikin exogenous an tsara su ta hanyar canjin gyare-gyare na covalent, wannan tsari za'a aiwatar dashi sakamakon aikin phosphorylation da dephosphorylation.

Enzyme yana aiki sosai a cikin tsari mara tsari. Phosphorylation na enzyme yana rage aikinsa.

HMGR ana amfani dashi ta hanyar samar da furotin na AMP-mai aiki, AMPK. AMPK kanta tana kunnawa ta hanyar phosphorylation.

Enzymes biyu na aiki da AMPK.

1. Babban kinase da ke da alhakin kunnawa AMPK shine LKB1 (hanta kinase B1). An gano LKB1 da farko a matsayin kwayar halitta a cikin mutane wanda ke ɗauke da maye gurbin maye gurbinsa a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar Putz-Jegers, PJS. Hakanan LKB1 an samo shi a cikin adantocarcinoma a cikin huhu.
2. Na biyu phosphorylating enzyme AMPK shine proteinodase-based protein kinase kinase kinase (CaMKKβ). CaMKKβ yana haifar da phosphorylation na AMPK a cikin karuwa don karuwa a cikin Ca2 + cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa.

Gua'idar HMGR ta hanyar sauye sauye yana ba da damar samar da HDL. HMGR ya fi aiki a cikin yanayin ɓarna. Phosphorylation (Ser872) yana dauke da enzyme na protein na AMP-AMPK, ayyukan wanda shima yake amfani da shi ta hanyar phosphorylation.

AMPK phosphorylation na iya faruwa saboda aƙalla enzymes biyu:

Howaƙwalwar ƙwayar HMGR, dawo da ita zuwa yanayin aiki mai ƙarfi, ana aiwatar da ita ta hanyar ayyukan phosphatases na furotin na 2A. Wannan jerin yana ba ku damar sarrafa samar da HDL.

Me ke shafar nau'in cholesterol?

PP2A aikin yana kasancewa ne a cikin nau'ikan katako iri daban-daban guda biyu wadanda aka sanya su ta hanyar PPP2CA da PPP2CB. Babban mahimmancin abubuwa guda biyu na PP2A sune enzyme heterodimeric da heterotrimeric holoenzyme.

Babban enzyme PP2A ya ƙunshi substrate na scaffold (wanda ake kira da farko A subunit) da kuma subunit catalytic (C subunit). Abun kula da cataltic α ana amfani da shi ta hanyar PPP2CA, kuma ana amfani da sashin kulawar catolitic by PPP2CB.

Sigar halittar f scaffold an sanya ta ta hanyar PPP2R1A gene da kuma un sub nait na gene PPP2R1B. Babban enzyme, PP2A, yana hulɗa tare da m subinit subinit don tara cikin holoenzyme.

Subarancin sarrafa PP2A sun haɗa da iyalai huɗu (waɗanda ake kira asali-B subunits), kowannensu ya ƙunshi abubuwa da yawa da aka haɗa ta hanyar kwayoyin daban-daban.

A halin yanzu, akwai nau'ikan halittu iri daban-daban guda 15 don gudanar da aikin na PP2A B. Babban aikin ayyukan rabe-raben PP2A shine a ƙaddara abubuwan kariya na abubuwan phosphorylated a cikin aikin phosphatase na sashin katako na PP2A.

PPP2R yana daga cikin ƙananan matakan 15 na tsarin PP2A. Hormones kamar glucagon da adrenaline suna cutar cholesterol biosynthesis ta haɓaka ayyukan takamaiman ƙayyadaddun kayan aiki na enzymes iyali na PP2A.

PKA-matsakaici phosphorylation na sashin kulawa na PP2A (PPP2R) yana haifar da sakin PP2A daga HMGR, yana hana dephosphorylation. Ta hanyar magance tasirin glucagon da adrenaline, insulin yana ƙarfafa cirewar phosphates kuma hakan yana ƙara yawan ayyukan HMGR.

Reguarin ƙa'idar HMGR tana faruwa ne ta hanyar hanawa da martani tare da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar cuta, kazalika da ka'idodin ƙirar sa ta haɓaka matakin ƙwayar kwayar intracellular da sterol.

Wannan sabon abu na ƙarshen yana da alaƙa da sashin fassarar SREBP.

Yaya tsari a cikin jikin mutum?

Hakanan ana kulawa da ayyukan HMGR ta hanyar sa hannu tare da AMP. Increaseara yawan cAMP yana kunna ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar cAMP, PKA. A cikin yanayin tsarin HMGR, PKA phosphorylates sashin sarrafawa, wanda ke haifar da karuwa a cikin sakin PP2A daga HMGR. Wannan yana hana PP2A cire phosphates daga HMGR, yana hana sake farfadowa.

Babban iyali na jerin abubuwan gina jiki na furotin phosphatase suna tsarawa da / ko hana ayyukan yawancin phosphatases, gami da membobin PP1, PP2A, da PP2C iyalai. Baya ga PP2A phosphatases wanda ke cire phosphates daga AMPK da HMGR, phosphatases na protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C) suma suna cire phosphates daga AMPK.

Lokacin da waɗannan abubuwan da ke ƙarƙashin ikon sarrafawa PKA, ayyukan ɗaure phosphatases ke raguwa, sakamakon AMPK ya ragu a cikin phosphorylated da aiki mai aiki, da HMGR a cikin phosphorylated da m aiki. Yayinda aka cire mai motsawa, yana haifar da karuwa a cikin samar da cAMP, matakin phosphorylation yana raguwa, matakin dephosphorylation yana ƙaruwa. Sakamakon ƙarshen shine dawowa zuwa matakin mafi girma na ayyukan HMGR. A gefe guda, insulin yana haifar da raguwa a cikin cAMP, wanda, bi da bi, yana kunna ƙirar. Sakamakon ƙarshen shine dawowa zuwa matakin mafi girma na ayyukan HMGR.

A gefe guda, insulin yana haifar da raguwa a cikin cAMP, wanda, bi da bi, yana kunna haɗin cholesterol. Sakamakon ƙarshen shine dawowa zuwa matakin mafi girma na ayyukan HMGR. Insulin yana haifar da raguwa a cikin cAMP, wanda, bi da bi, ana iya amfani dashi don haɓaka tsarin aikin.

Arfin da ke motsa insulin da hana glucagon, ayyukan HMGR ya yi daidai da tasirin waɗannan kwayoyin halittar a kan sauran hanyoyin rayuwa na rayuwa. Babban aikin wadannan kwayoyin halittar guda biyu shine sarrafa damar shigo da kuzari ga dukkan kwayoyin jikinsu.

Tsawon lokaci na ayyukan HMGR ana aiwatar dashi galibi ta hanyar sarrafa kwayar halitta da lalata lalacewar enzyme. Lokacin da matakan cholesterol suka yi yawa, matakin martanin HMGR yana bayyana raguwa, kuma a gefe guda, ƙananan matakan suna kunna maganar asalin.

Ana ba da bayani game da cholesterol a cikin bidiyon a cikin wannan labarin.

Mecece ma'anar aiwatar da samarda kwayoyin kwayar cholesterol?

Yawancin abinci suna cika jiki tare da cholesterol - waɗannan sune samfuran asalin dabbobi, har da fats mai ƙanshi, wanda aka samo a cikin adadi mai yawa a cikin abubuwan sarrafawa, da kuma a cikin abinci mai sauri (abinci mai sauri).

Idan kayi amfani da irin waɗannan samfuran a cikin rigakafi, to kuwa yawan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cholesterol a cikin jini zai zama babba kuma dole ne ka nemi maganin likita don maganin hypercholesterolemia.

Cholesterol, wacce ke shiga jiki da abinci, tana da karancin kwayoyi, wanda hakan ke haifar da ajiyar wannan kwayar cholesterol a jikin jijiyoyin jini, wanda hakan ke tsoratar da ci gaban cholesterol da kuma ilimin cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta na atherosclerosis.

Increaseara yawan ma'aunin cholesterol a cikin jini na faruwa ba kawai saboda yana samun daga waje bane, har ma daga take hakkin aiwatar da ƙwayoyin lipoprotein ta ƙwayoyin hanta.

Kwayar cholesterol ga abinda ke ciki ↑

Kira na cholesterol a cikin hanta

Abinda yake a cikin cholesterol a jiki shine kimanin gra miliyan 0.50-0.80 a rana.

An rarraba kwayar kwayar cholesterol a jikin:

• 50.0% ana samar da kwayoyin halitta na hanta,
• 15.0% - 20.0% - a sassan kananan hanjin,
• 10.0% - yana hade ta da adrenal bawo da sel fata.

Dukkanin sel a jikin dan adam suna da ikon haɓakar lipoproteins.

Tare da abinci, har zuwa 20.0% na adadin ƙwayoyin cholesterol suna shiga cikin jiki - kimanin gram 0.40 kowace rana.

Lipoproteins an kewaya waje da jikin mutum tare da taimakon bile acid, kuma a kowace rana amfani da kwayoyin cholesterol ta bile bai wuce giram 1.0 ba.

A biosynthesis na lipoproteins a cikin jiki

Biosynthesis na kwayoyin kumburi yana faruwa a sashen endoplasmic - reticulum. Dalili ga dukkan kwayoyin halittun carbon shine sinadarin Acetyl-SCoA, wanda yake shiga cikin endoplasm daga mitochondria a cikin kwayoyin citrate.

Yayin da kwayoyin halitta na kwayoyin halitta na lipoprotein, kwayoyi 18 na ATP suka dauki bangare, kuma kwayoyin NADPH 13 sun zama mahalarta a hadaddiyar halittar.

Tsarin cholesterol yana tafiya a cikin akalla matakai 30 da halayen jiki.

Za'a iya raba kwayoyin halittar na lipoproteins cikin rukuni:

saka saurin aiki - matakin sukari

• Maganin mevalonic acid yana faruwa ne yayin ketogenesis na halayen farko guda biyu, kuma bayan mataki na uku, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-ScoA ya ​​amsa tare da ƙwayoyin HMG-ScoA reductase. Daga wannan amsawar, Mevalonate an hada shi. Wannan matakin yana bukatar isasshen adadin glucose a cikin jini. Zaku iya yin girkin tare da taimakon abinci mai daɗi da hatsi,
• Sakamakon kira na isopentenyl diphosphate na faruwa ne bayan haɓakar phosphate zuwa kwayoyin mevalonic acid da bushewar su,
• Halin farnesyl diphosphate yana faruwa ne bayan haɗuwa da abubuwa guda uku da keɓaɓen diphosphate,
• Maganin ƙwayar cuta ta squalene shine ɗaure abu guda 2 na farnesyl diphosphate,
• Hankalin canji na squalene zuwa kwayar lanosterol yana faruwa,
• Bayan cirewar rukunin methyl marasa amfani, ana canza ƙwayar cholesterol.

Guaukaka aikin haɗin lipoproteins

Abu mai sarrafawa a cikin aikin haɗin shine ragewar enzyme hydroxymethylglutaryl-ScoA. Ikon wannan enzyme don canza aiki ya fi sau 100.

Ka'idar enzyme aiki yana faruwa ne bisa ka'idodi da yawa:

• Regulation na kira a matakin na rayuwa. Wannan ka'idodin yana aiki "daga akasin haka", enzyme an hana shi da ƙwayar cholesterol, wanda ke sa ya yiwu a kula da abubuwan cikin cikin kullun,
• Vaa'idodin hormonal Covalent.

Ata'idar a matakin hormonal yana faruwa a matakan masu zuwa:

• Anarin insulin na hormone a cikin jiki yana kunna furotin phosphatase, wanda ke tsokani ƙaruwar ayyukan babban enzyme HMG-ScoA reductase,
• Glucagon hormone da adrenaline na hormone suna da ikon kunna asalin sinadarin kinase A, wanda ke amfani da sinadarai na HMG-ScoA enzyme kuma yana rage ayyukan su,
• Ayyukan kwayar cholesterol ya dogara da maida hankali ne akan furotin na jigilar kayayyaki na musamman a cikin jini, wanda yake ɗaukar halayen matsakaici na metabolites.

Cholesterol Jiki

Kwayar cholesterol a cikin kwayoyin hanta ya zama dole ga jiki ga matakai daban-daban masu mahimmanci:

• Motsi a cikin kowace sel, ƙwayoyin cholesterol suna ƙarfafa su kuma suna sa su na roba,
• Tare da taimakon lipoproteins, ƙwayoyin choroid suna ƙaruwa da yawa, wanda ke kare su daga tasirin waje,
• Ba tare da taimakon maganin lipoproteins ba, glandar adrenal bata fitar da nau'in steroid na kwayoyin halittar jima'i,
• Ta amfani da lipids, samar da bile acid na faruwa kuma yana hana ƙwayar ciki daga mahallin dutse a ciki,
• Lipoproteins suna haɗu da ƙwayoyin jijiya a cikin kashin baya da cikin kwakwalwa,
• Tare da taimakon lipoproteins, ana ƙarfafa harsashi na ƙwayoyin jijiya,
• Tare da taimakon cholesterol, samar da bitamin D yana faruwa, wanda ke taimakawa wajen sha kazantar da kuma hana lalata ƙashi.

Cholesterol yana taimaka wa glandar ta adrenal gishirin hada wadannan rukunin kwayoyin:

• Rukunin Corticosteroid
• Rukunin kwayoyin glucocorticoid,
• Rukunin mineralocorticoids.

Wadannan kwayoyin halittar suna ba da tsari na tsarin hormonal na sassan jikin mutum.

Molecules na cholesterol bayan kira a cikin kwayoyin hanta suna shiga cikin kwayoyin endocrine na glandon adrenal kuma suna ba da gudummawa ga samar da kwayoyin halittar jiki kuma suna tabbatar da daidaito a yanayin halittar.

Metabolism na kwayoyin Vitamin D a jikin mutum

Samuwar kwayar Vitamin D ta fito ne daga hasken rana, wanda ya ratsa cholesterol karkashin fata. A wannan gaba, haɗin bitamin D yana faruwa, wanda yake da matukar muhimmanci ga jiki don ɗaukar ma'adanai alli.

Duk nau'ikan lipoproteins, bayan kira, ana tafiya da su ta jiki ta tsarin jini.

Vitamin D kawai za'a iya canza shi ta hanyar lipoproteins mai ɗimbin yawa, kuma lipids mara nauyi na ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta suna haifar da ci gaban ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta na atherosclerosis, saboda suna da ikon daidaitawa a kan membranes na arteries a cikin nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda ke haɓakawa da tsokani wannan ilimin.

Wasu lokuta ana iya lura da ƙwayar cholesterol a cikin mutane a ƙarƙashin fata a hannun.

Hanyar Vitamin D ga abinda ke ciki ↑

Bala'i a cikin aikin lipoproteins

A cikin matakai na rayuwa da yawa a cikin jiki, gazawa da rushewa na iya faruwa. Irin waɗannan rikice-rikice na iya faruwa a cikin ƙwayoyin ƙwayar lipid. Akwai dalilai da yawa kuma suna da tsinkaye da ilmin etiology.

Abubuwan da suka haifar da rashin daidaituwa na rikicewar ƙwayar lipoprotein sun hada da:

• Shekarun mutum. Bayan shekaru arba'in a cikin jikin mutum, samar da kwayoyin halittar jima'i yana sanya damuwa sannan kuma yanayin hormonal ya rikita shi, kuma ya kasance yana da shekaru 45 - 50, duk hanyoyin tafiyar da rayuwa yana raguwa, wanda kuma zai iya haifar da rushewar yanayin motsa jiki,
• Jinsi - Maza sun fi haɗuwa da tarawar cholesterol fiye da mata. Mata a gabanin haila da kuma kariyawar haila sun sami kariya ne ta hanyar samar da kwayoyin halittar jima'i, daga tarin lipoproteins,
• Tsarin gado na gado. Ci gaban familial hypercholesterolemia.

Abubuwan da ke haifar da gazawar cututtukan fata sun haɗa da abubuwan da suka dogara da rayuwar mai haƙuri, da kuma cututtukan da ke haɗaka waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga ƙirar kwayar cholesterol:

• Labarin Nicotine,
• Al'adun giya na yau da kullun,
• Rashin abinci mai gina jiki na iya haifar da hauhawar cholesterol a cikin jiki da kuma tarawa ba kawai a cikin jini ba,
• Wani salon rayuwa mai santsi yana haifar da jinkirin tafiyar matakai na rayuwa tare da haɗin lipoprotein,
• Hawan jini - hauhawar jini a cikin jini yana ba da abubuwanda ake buƙata don a cika jijiyoyin jijiyoyin jiki da ƙoshin lipid, wanda daga baya ke haifar da ƙwayar cuta ta cholesterol,
• Dyslipidemia cuta ne a cikin ƙwayar tsoka. Tare da Pathology, rashin daidaituwa yana faruwa tsakanin VP lipoproteins, lipids na NP, kazalika da matakan triglycerides a cikin jini,
• Kiba Pathology,
• Ciwon sukari mellitus. Tare da hyperglycemia, metabolism da lipid metabolism suna da damuwa.

Rashin ƙarfi a cikin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cholesterol masu amfani

Akwai maganganun cututtukan da ke rage yawan ƙwayoyin ƙwayar nauyi cholesterol a cikin jini saboda raguwa a cikin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin HDL.

Wannan na iya haifar da cututtuka a cikin glandar thyroid, na iya shafar matakin sukari a cikin jini da tsokanar ciwon sukari, haka kuma yana haifar da cututtuka da yawa na cututtukan jini da na zuciya.

Sakamakon ƙarancin ƙwayar ƙwayar nauyi a jiki na iya zama:

• Ilimin cututtukan da ake kira “rickets”, wanda ke haɓaka lokacin ƙuruciya saboda rage yawan ƙwayoyin bitamin D da kuma ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin calcium,
• Da wuri tsufa na sel jikin. Ba tare da samar da cholesterol na lokaci zuwa membranes tantanin halitta ba, sun lalace kuma tsarin tsufa ya fara,
• Rage nauyi a jikin mutum, wanda yake faruwa daga isasshen ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cholesterol, da kuma ƙarancin kiba a jiki,
• Soreness a cikin tsoka nama daga rashin tsoka ƙwayoyin tsoka,
• Jin zafi a cikin ƙwayar zuciya wanda zai iya haifar da bugun zuciya.

Don gyara ƙididdigar ƙwayar nauyi cholesterol, zaka iya amfani da abincin abinci, wanda ya haɗa da kifin teku, mai kayan lambu daban-daban, gami da kayan kiwo.

Kuma kar ku manta game da 'ya'yan itace sabo, ganye da kayan marmari - ya kamata su ci a cikin abincin.