Thaumatin mai dadi

Sashe na 1. Sashe na 2 (kayan zaki na roba)

Masu zaki, na zahiri ko na roba, suna da mahimmanci don babban rabo ga marasa lafiya da masu ciwon sukari. An gabatar da waɗannan buƙatu masu zuwa: dandano mai daɗi mai daɗi, mara lahani, ingantaccen ruwa a ruwa da juriya ga dafa abinci. An raba masu zaki a cikin manyan rukunoni 2: manyan kalori da mara-caloric, ko na zahiri da na ɗan adam. Wannan labarin zai mayar da hankali ga masu zaƙin zahiri.

Caloric zaki da duk na halitta (4 kcal / g samfurin) - giya mai zaki, xylitol, sorbitol, fructose - tare da zaƙi daga raka'a 0.4 zuwa 2, ya zama dole yin la'akari cikin abubuwan da ake ci don rage nauyin jiki saboda tasirin sakamako akan matakan glucose na jini. Abubuwa masu dadi na zahiri suna ɗauke da jiki gaba ɗaya, suna shiga cikin dukkanin hanyoyin rayuwa kuma, kamar yadda aka saba tare da azur, wadata mutum da makamashi. Ba su da haɗari kuma galibi suna da kaddarorin magani. Daga cikin abubuwan da ba na gina jiki ba, masu shahara thaumatin, steviosin, neogespyridine dihydrochalcon, moneline, perylartine, glycyrrhizin, narylgin, osladin, filodulcin, Lo Han fruit.

Kayan sukari na zahiri, wanda yake a cikin kyauta a cikin kusan dukkanin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari mai dadi, har ma da zuma. Fructose yana kwantar da sukari na jini, yana karfafa tsarin na rigakafi, rage hadarin caries da diathesis a yara da manya. Babban fa'idodin fructose akan sukari suna da alaƙa da bambance-bambance a cikin hanyoyin lalata waɗannan samfuran ta jiki. Fructose yana nufin carbohydrates tare da ƙananan glycemic index; yin amfani dashi a abinci baya haifar da sauyawa a cikin matakan sukari na jini kuma, a sakamakon haka, ƙurar insulin da ke haifar da yawan sukari. Waɗannan kaddarorin fructose suna da mahimmanci musamman ga mutanen da ke fama da ciwon sukari. Ba kamar sauran carbohydrates ba, fructose yana cimma daidaituwa a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta ba tare da maganin insulin ba. Yana da sauri kuma kusan an cire shi gaba daya daga jini, a sakamakon, bayan shan fitsari, sukarin jini ya tashi sosai a hankali kuma zuwa ƙasa kaɗan fiye da ɗaukar adadin glucose daidai. Fructose, ba kamar glucose ba, ba shi da ikon sakin hormones na hanji wanda ke motsa rufin insulin. Ana amfani da Fructose a cikin kayan abinci don marasa lafiya da ciwon sukari.

Shawarwarin da ake bayarwa na amfanin yau da kullun na fructose shine 35-45 g. Bayani don masu ciwon sukari: 12 g na fructose = 1 XE.

Ana amfani da Fructose a matsayin maye gurbin sukari yadda ya kamata don ƙoshin lafiya a duniya. Fructose yana narkewa sosai a ruwa, wannan shine dalilin da yasa aka yi amfani dashi sosai a cikin dafa abinci na gida don shirya abubuwan sha da kayan kiwo, don adana kayan lambu da 'ya'yan itatuwa, don yin burodi, adana, salatin' ya'yan itace, ice cream, da kayan zaki tare da rage yawan adadin kuzari. Fructose yana da kayan haɓaka ƙanshin bishiyoyi da 'ya'yan itatuwa, wannan sananne ne musamman a cikin' ya'yan itace da salatin Berry an yayyafa shi da fructose, jam, jam, juices.

Fructose fa'idodi

Fa'idodin fructose ga jikin ɗan adam bayyane kuma masana kimiyya sun tabbatar da shi. Yi jita-jita wanda aka maye gurbinsu da fructose cikin abubuwan da ake kira samfuran abinci masu lafiya, irin waɗannan samfurori:

• low-kalori, kada ku tsokano gwanaye, suna da tasirin tonic, sun fi dacewa da jiki fiye da samfuran sukari,
• kasance sabo mai dadewa, saboda fructose yana da ikon riƙe danshi.

Fructose ya fi sau 3 jin daɗi fiye da glucose kuma sau 1.5-2.1 (a kan matsakaita 1.8) sau sukari (sucrose). Yana adana yawan sukari na yau da kullun, shine, a maimakon 3 tablespoons na sukari, kuna buƙatar kashe 2 tablespoons kawai na fructose, yayin da kuke da adadin kuzari ɗaya. Babban danshi na fructose an bayyana shi cikin dan kadan ruwan acidic (har zuwa digiri C 100). Lokacin yin burodin kayayyakin kwalliya akan fructose, dole ne a la'akari da cewa yawan zafin wuta yakamata ya ɗan ƙanƙanta fiye da yadda ake yin burodin da sukari, lokacin browning (crusting) yayi guntu.

Fructose lowers adadin kuzari kuma ana amfani dashi a cikin adadi kaɗan, baya bayar da gudummawa ga tarawar carbohydrates mai yawa a cikin jiki, wanda yake mahimmanci ga mutanen da ke neman kula da adadi mai ƙima ko rasa nauyi. Haɗe a cikin abincin ku wanda ake amfani da shi a matsayin mai ƙananan samfurin kalori na iya waɗanda ke biye da ƙirar su mai kyau. Yana taimakawa wajen dawo da jiki bayan gajiya ta jiki, tsawan tunanin hankali. Saboda tasirin fitsari na fructose a jikin ɗan adam, ana ba da shawarar ga masu motsa jiki da mutanen da ke jagorantar rayuwa mai aiki - amfani da fructose a cikin abincin yau da kullun baya barin mutum ya ji yunwa sosai bayan tsawaita aiki na jiki.

Baya ga fa'idodi ga masu ciwon sukari, fructose yana rage haɗarin likitan hakori da kashi 35-40%, wanda yake mahimmanci ga abincin yara.

Ga yara masu fama da ciwon sukari, ana bada shawara don amfani da fructose a cikin adadin da ba ya wuce 0.5 g da kilogiram na nauyin jiki kowace rana. Don abinci mai gina jiki na manya tare da ciwon sukari, ana bada shawarar yin amfani da fructose a kashi 0.75 g kowace kilogiram na nauyin jikin mutum a kowace rana. Yawan abin sama da ya kamata yana kara hadarin kamuwa da cututtukan zuciya.

Fructose ta ba da shawarar ta Cibiyar Nazarin Cutar Abinci ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Rasha a matsayin madadin sukari na yau da kullun.

Nazarin ya nuna amfanin fructose ga mutanen da ke da ƙoshin lafiya a cikin bayyanar tasirin tonic, har ma da mutanen da ke da yawan motsa jiki. Bayan shan fructose yayin motsa jiki, asarar glycogen tsoka (tushen samar da makamashi ga jiki) shine rabin ƙasa da bayan glucose. Sabili da haka, samfuran fructose sun shahara sosai tsakanin 'yan wasa, direbobin mota, da sauransu. Wani fa'idar fructose: tana kara rushewar giya a cikin jini.

Sankararrun (E420)

Sorbitol (E420) Yana da cokali mai zaƙi na 0.5 sucrose. An samo wannan abun zaki ne daga apples, apricots da sauran 'ya'yan itatuwa, amma mafi yawan duk ana samunsu ne a cikin itacen ash. A cikin Turai, sannu a hankali sanadin fitar da samfurin da ake magana da shi ga masu ciwon sukari - yawan amfani da shi sosai yana ƙarfafa likitoci da kwarin gwiwa. An bada shawarar a cikin adadin har zuwa 30 g kowace rana, yana da antiketogenic, sakamako choleretic. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa yana taimakawa jiki rage yawan bitamin B1 B6 da biotin, kuma yana taimakawa haɓaka microflora na hanji wanda ke haɗuwa da waɗannan bitamin. Kuma tunda wannan barasa mai zaki zai iya jawo danshi daga iska, abincin da aka dogara da shi ya kasance sabo ne na dogon lokaci. Amma yana da adadin kuzari 53% fiye da sukari, don haka sorbitol bai dace da waɗanda suke so su rasa nauyi ba. A cikin adadi mai yawa, yana iya haifar da sakamako masu illa: bloating, tashin zuciya, ciwon ciki, da kuma karuwa a cikin lactic acid a cikin jini.

Xylitol (967)

A sorbitol sorbent, wanda aka samu daga stalks na masara da husks na auduga tsaba. Xylitol yana inganta yanayin hakora, sabili da haka wani ɓangare ne na wasu abubuwan ɗanɗano da haƙori. Amma akwai abu daya: a cikin manyan allurai, wannan sinadari yana aiki azaman maganin cin abinci. Tare da matsakaicin matsakaici, kashi na yau da kullun kada ya wuce 40-50 g kowace rana. Xylitol yana da ƙoshin zaƙi na 0.9 dangane da sucrose kuma ana bada shawara a ƙashi na 0.5 g / kg, wanda shine 30-35 g kowace rana. Yana da choleretic, antiketogenic da sakamako mai laxative. Xylitol na iya tarawa a cikin jijiya, don haka yakamata a ɗauka game da cutar sankara.

Matsayi na musamman shine zuma– sukari ne mai inert, wanda ya hada da fructose, glucose, maltose, galactose, lactose, tryptophan da alitam.

Starfin Ma'aikata na ƙarni na 21st

Stevia abun zaki

Masana sun yi imani cewa makomar ta ta'allaka ne da wani sabon nau'in kayan zaki, wadanda suke darurruka har ma da dubunnan sau da yawa fiye da sukari. Mafi mashahuri daga gare su har yanzu shine stevioside, an samo shi daga wata shuka ta Kudancin Amurka - stevia ko ciyawar zuma (Stevia rebaudiana). Ba wai kawai yana maye gurbin sukari bane, amma yana rage taro na glucose a cikin jini, hawan jini kuma yana da sakamako na antiarrhythmic. Stevia glycosides yana karɓar jiki, amma abun da ke cikin kalori yana sakaci. Amfani da kullun na tsawon watanni 10 na stevia na magunguna a cikin allurai har sau 50 sama da ilmin kimiya na jiki bai haifar da wani canje-canje na cututtukan kwayoyin halittar dabbobin gwaji ba. A cikin gwaje-gwajen kan berayen masu juna biyu, an nuna cewa koda kashi 1 na gg na kilogiram ba shi da tasiri ga ci gaban tayin. Ba a sami sakamako mai illa ba a cikin stevioside. Dangane da tushen stevia, an ƙirƙiri madadin sukari na Greenlite, wanda za'a iya samu a cikin shagunanmu da kuma magunguna. Magunguna na Stevia suna haɗuwa sosai cikin shirye-shiryen don rasa nauyi da magance cututtukan ƙwayar cuta.

Wani abu game da wani abu wanda zai maye gurbin sukari da daɗewa ba. – shi ne cytrosisan samo shi daga kwasfa na citrus. Ba wai kawai 1800-2000 sau mafi kyau fiye da sukari ba, amma ya tabbata a matsanancin matsin lamba, tafasa kuma a cikin yanayin acidic, yana tafiya da kyau tare da sauran kayan zaki da inganta dandano da ƙanshi na samfurori.

Glycyrrhizin

Glycyrrhizin ware daga licorice (licorice), wanda aka daɗe ana amfani da tushen sa kyakkyawan salatin. Baya ga masana'antun kayan kwalliya, ana amfani da glycyrrhizin a cikin abincin abinci na kiwon lafiya. Tana da dandano mai dadi mai yawa kuma tana sau 40 mafi kyau fiye da sukari.

Polipodium vulgare L. ware daga fern osladin steroid saponin, Sau 3000 sun fi dadi dadi.
Dukkanin nau'ikan abubuwan farin ciki da aka karancesu sun zama ruwan dare, alal misali, daga rosin na Pine, daga ganyen shayi (philodulcin), daga tsirrai Perilla nankinensis (perialdehyde), daga Hanan itacen Lo Han.

Lokaci da Thaumatin

Wani yankin mai alƙawarin – abubuwan gina jiki na kayan zakimisali monelinewanda ya fi sukari mafi kyau a 1500-2000 sau, kuma thaumatinFiye da daɗin sukari sau 200,000. Koyaya, yayin da yake samarwa yana da tsada mai tsada, kuma ba a san sakamako gabaɗaya ba, saboda haka, ba Moneline ko Thaumatin ba su rarraba.

Don shirya wannan aikin, an yi amfani da kayan daga rukunin yanar gizo daban-daban.

Asalin thaumatin:

Tushen Thaumatin (na halitta) - fruitsa fruitsan itaciya mai zafi Thaumatococcus daniellii.
Wannan tsiron ya zo daga Yammacin Afirka (Saliyo, Jamhuriyar Congo), inda aka yi amfani da 'ya'yan itaciyar don inganta dandano abinci da abin sha na dogon lokaci.
Shuka Thaumatococcus daniellii yana da sanannun sunaye: "katamfe" ko "katempfe" ko Ketemph, “Baƙin yoruba mai laushi”, “Berry serendipic berry”, da sauransu (duba, alal misali, anan).

Bayani da sifofin thaumatin

Ayyuka: zaki, dandano da kayan haɓaka ƙanshi.

Kayan: Foda mai kirim mai tsami mai tsami, mai karfi fiye da dacin sukari 2000-3000 sau cikin nauyi kuma sau 100000 - idan muka yi la’akari da molar rabo, yana narkewa cikin ruwa kuma ba zai iya narkewa a cikin acetone ba.

Yawan yau da kullun: ba a bayyana ba.

Zamani mai zuwa

Foda na kirim, wanda aka yiwa lakabi da E957, kusan sau ɗari yana da rauni fiye da sucrose. Kuma jin duk zahirin zai zama kamar 'yan mintuna bayan shan samfurin.

Saboda irin wannan sifa mai ban mamaki, masana'antun sun fi son haɗuwa da kayan tare da sauran masu zaƙi. Sakamakon zai yi farin ciki da gama aikin lasisi. Duk da cewa da mai shan ruwa sosai mai narkewa a cikin ruwa, iri ɗaya ba za a iya faɗi ba game da haɗin gwiwar sa tare da mai mai mai.

Nemo tushen asalin kayan zaki ba abu mai wahala bane idan mabukaci yana cikin yankin Afirka. Bushungiyar daji da ke ƙarƙashin sunan "Katemfe" za ta ji daɗin abincinta.

An samo abun zaki wanda aka shirya dashi ta amfani da hanyar cire ciyayi da ruwa. Babu bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a cikin narkewar abu mai shigowa cikin jikin mutum daga wasu wakilan sunadarai. A kan wannan tushen, ya zama bayyananne cewa amfanin sa baya haifar da babbar barazana ga rayuwa da lafiyar mai amfani. Amma wannan idan dai mabukaci sun bi ƙa'idar aiki.

Zaman amfani

Yawancin lokaci, ana amfani da thaumatin don ƙirƙirar kayan zaki da wasu kayayyakin abinci. Kuna iya haɗuwa da ambatonsa a kan marufi na candied dried 'ya'yan itãcen marmari, kayan kwalliya tare da koko, kayan ƙanshi mai sukari, ice cream.

Hakanan, yi tuntuɓe a kan E957 zai juya ga waɗanda suka fi son siyan samfuran tare da suturar "free sugar". Irin waɗannan abincin da aka gama da ƙima sun dace da waɗanda ke tallafawa rage cin abinci, saboda ƙarin shine abokin cin abinci na ƙarancin kalori.

A zahiri abin da ke faruwa abun halitta ne daidai a cikin taunawa da kuma abin da ake ci kari. Latterarshen ana ajiye su azaman abinci ga teburin mutane masu haɗuwa da kiba ko ciwon sukari.

Wasu lokuta ana amfani da thaumatin don daidaita dandano da halayen ƙanshi lokacin da ake zubar da giya ko mara sa maye.

Don dandano kwayoyin hana daukar ciki da sauran magunguna ga yara, wakilan masana'antar harhada magunguna ma sun karbe ta.

Don haka akwai magunguna masu dandano mai ɗanɗano tare da daidaituwa na syrup, bitamin jelly ƙari.

Saboda gaskiyar cewa masana'antun sau da yawa suna ƙara magani don abin da aka yi niyya ga yara, iyaye da yawa suna da sha'awar ci gaba ko zai kawo lahani. An yi imani da cewa E957 ba shi da cikakken tsaro, wanda aka tabbatar da izini don amfani dashi a ƙasashe da yawa.

Amma a cikin ƙasa na Federationungiyar Tarayyar Rasha, thearawar ba ta ƙaddamar da hanyoyin takaddun shaida masu dacewa ba, wanda ke fitar da ita ta atomatik daga cikin jerin izini a matakin majalisa.

Production

Thaumatin samarwa a ciki Thaumatococcus daniellii yana faruwa azaman karewar shuka a cikin martanin hare-hare ta hanyar cututtukan hoto. Wasu wakilan dangin sunadarai na thaumatin sun nuna alamun hana ci gaban haila da samuwar tarin kwayoyin fungi a cikin vitro. Ana amfani da furotin thaumatin a matsayin misali ga furotin da ke da alhakin amsawar kwayar cutar. Wannan yanki na thaumatin an samo shi ta fannoni daban daban kamar shinkafa ko Caenorhabditis elegans.

Thaumatins sunadarai ne masu daukar nauyin kwayar cuta, wanda wasu jami'ai ke jawo su. Hakanan sun bambanta a cikin tsari kuma sun zama ruwan dare a cikin tsire-tsire: Sun haɗa da thaumatin, osmotin, ƙanana da ƙananan garkuwar PR, tabawar alpha-amylase / trypsin, da P21 da PWIR2 sunadaran soya da ganyen alkama. Sunadarai sun shiga cikin martani ta hanyar mayar da martani ta tsirrai a cikin tsirrai, kodayake ba a yi nazarin ainihin aikinsu ba. Thaumatin furotin ne mai dadi sosai (a gangargajewa sama da sau 100,000 wanda ya fi mai daɗi lafiya), wanda aka fitar dashi daga wata itaciyar Yammacin Afirka Thaumatococcus daniellii: Ta maida hankali ya lalace yayin da ƙwayar cuta ta rinjayi ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke ɗauke da kwaya ɗaya, wadda ba a rufe ta da kwayar RNA wacce ba ta da lambar furotin. Protein thaumatin Na ƙunshi sarkar polypeptide guda ɗaya wacce ta ƙunshi ragowar amino acid 207.

An yi imani da cewa, kamar sauran furotin na PR, thaumatin yana da tsarin beta mafi yawanci, wanda ke da yawancin bends da kaɗan. Kwayoyin taba suna ƙaruwa da haɓakar gishiri a gefen gradient suna haifar da haɓakar gishiri sosai ta hanyar bayyana osmotin, wanda shine ɓangare na gidan furotin na PR.Alkama da ke fama da ƙwayar sha'ir na gari (pathogen: naman gwari Erysiphe graminis hordei) yana bayyana furotin na PWIR2 PR, wanda ke ba da juriya game da wannan kamuwa da cuta. Alaƙa tsakanin wannan furotin na PR da sauran furotin na PR na masara alpha-amylase / trypsin inhibitor sun ba da shawarar cewa furotin na PR na iya kasancewa azaman wasu abubuwan hanawa.

Sunadarai masu kama da thaumatin, wanda ya keɓe daga 'ya'yan itaciyar kiwi ko apples, ana samun su don rage ƙarancinsu yayin aikin narkewar abinci, amma ba lokacin da aka ɗora shi ba.

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