Carbohydrates, monosaccharides, polysaccharides. Carbohydrates suna yaduwa a cikin dabbobi da tsirrai, suna taka rawa ta musamman a cikin hanyoyin rayuwar da yawa. Carbohydrates suna sama da kashi 80% na bushewar tsirrai da kashi 2% na ƙasan nauyin dabbobi.

Take carbohydrates An gabatar da waɗannan abubuwan halitta a cikin 1844 ta C. Schmidt, saboda asalin abubuwan da sanannen carbohydrates za a iya bayyana su azaman C_n(N₂Oh)_m A halin yanzu, manufar carbohydrates ta yadu sosai.

Carbohydrates yawanci ana raba su zuwa monosaccharides, oligosaccharides da polysaccharides.
Monosaccharides(monoses) - abubuwan da ba sa iya shafar hydrolysis.
Oligosaccharides- Abubuwan da aka kirkiro daga sharan gona da yawa na kwayoyin monosaccharide (daga 2 zuwa 8-10). Mafi sauki daga waɗannan sune disaccharides.
Abubuwan Posscharssunadarai masu nauyi na kwayoyi wadanda ake samarda daskararren kwayoyi daga kwayoyin monosaccharide.

Monosaccharides An bambance su da adadin kwayoyin zarra a cikin kwayoyin da kuma kasancewar aldehyde ko kungiyar ketone:
Tetrosa
Pentoses
Hexoses
Monosaccharides: aldoses, ketoses

Ta hanyar tsarin su, monosaccharides sune polyhydroxyaldehydes ko polyhydroxyketones:

Ana samo monosaccharides daga polysaccharides ta hanyar hydrolysis na ƙarshen. Misali, hydrolysis na gwoza ko rawan rake suna samarda glucose da fructose:

Monoses suna narkewa a cikin shigarwar, yawancin su suna da dandano mai daɗi, mafita na tsaka tsaki .. Lokacin da ya yi zafi, sun juya launin ruwan kasa da carbonize. Dukkanin monosaccharides na halitta suna da aikin gani.

Muhimmin ilimin halittu shine sukari tare da zarra 5 da 6 a cikin kwayar zarra (pentoses da hexoses). Ta hanyar tsarinsu, sun kasu gida biyu manya: aldehyde alcohols (aldoses) da keto alcohols (ketoses):

A halin yanzu, ana ganin cewa an tabbatar da cewa a cikin maganin sukari akwai dukkanin kwayoyin halitta waɗanda aka ba da tsarinsu a sama (sarkar ko bude bulo) kuma kwayoyin suna da fasalin cyclic (nau'in cyclic semi-acetal form):

A karo na farko, masanin kimiyyar Rasha A.A. Colly (1840-1916) ya gabatar da tsari na cyclic na monosis. Ya kuma gudanar da wasu karatuttukan kan ilmin sunadarai na carbohydrates masu mahimmancin gaske.

Ana iya ɗaukar nau'ikan cyclic na carbohydrates azaman abubuwan iri biyu na mahaɗan cyclic: pyran (ringin mai tunawa shida) ko buɗe (ƙararrawa guda biyar):

A cikin magunguna, ana amfani da monoses don glucose a matsayin magani, ana amfani da fructose a madadin sukari ga marasa lafiya da ciwon sukari mellitus, ana amfani da dioses: sucrose, lactose, ana amfani da wasu oligosaccharides, alal misali, azaman maganin jiko, polysaccharides sune cellulose, taurari na asalin halitta daban-daban. Abubuwan da ke haifar da carbohydrates ana amfani dasu sosai azaman magunguna: glucosamine da chondroitin polymeric ta polymeric.

Glucosum glucose.

Samun glucose. A cikin ƙasa mai kyauta, ana samun glucose a cikin ruwan innabi, a cikin 'ya'yan itatuwa da sauran gabobin tsire-tsire iri daban-daban. Babban tushen samar da glucose a cikin masana'antu shine sitaci (kuma, ƙasa da kullun, cellulose), waɗanda ke da ruwa sosai a gaban ƙwayoyin ma'adinai:

Tsarin kemikal. Glucose yana nufin raguwa, da kuma adadin ƙwayoyin carbon zuwa hexoses:

Babban mahimman fasalin tsarin monosaccharides shine isomerism na asali. Glucose ya ƙunshi ƙwayoyin carbon na asymmetric da yawa, ma'ana guda huɗu, sabili da haka ana nuna shi ta hanyar isomerism na sarari (stereoisomerism).

Idan akwai cibiyoyin asymmetric a cikin kwayar, a gaba daya, ana nuna adadin isomers na sarari ta hanyar 2 n.

2 4 = 16. Saboda haka, stereoisomers 16, nau'i-nau'i na antipodes (enantiomers) suna yiwuwa don glucose.

Don nuna yanayin yanayin kowane ɗayan stereoisomers, carbohydrates (kamar sauran abubuwa masu aiki sosai), bisa ga shawarar M.A. Rozanov, an kasu kashi biyu: layin D-jere da L-jere. Mafi sauƙaƙa wakilan waɗannan radas sune magungunan gani-ido na glycerol aldehyde:

D-glycerol aldehyde an kira shi da stereoisomer, wanda ke da rukunin OH a gefen dama na atommetric carbon atom lokacin da ƙungiyar aldehyde ke rubuta sarkar a sama. L-isomer a cikin wannan yanayin yana da rukunin OH a gefen hagu. Wannan misali ne mai kyau na isomers na gani.

Ana yarda da yanayin da ke gaba: abubuwan da za a iya samu daga D-glycerol aldehyde ta ƙara sarkar carbon zuwa rukunin aldehyde cikin rukunin D-jerin. Matsayi mai kama daya ya shafi L-jere.

Carbohydrates ana nuna shi ta yanayin daidaitawa tsakanin sigar layi da sifa mai sihiri, kuma a cikin oligosaccharides suna cikin keɓaɓɓen fasalin ƙasa:

Hydroungiyar hydroxyl na carbon atom na biyar yana matsowa kusa da rukunin aldehyde, la'akari da ƙimar fargaba mai ƙarfi, wannan yana haifar da samuwar hemiacetal cyclic na ciki. Tsarin keke yana haifar da haifar da tsayayyen zobe mai lamba shida, wanda ake kira pyranose.

Semi-acetal hydroxyl, bi da bi, ya sanya ya yiwu:
1. Samu cikakke acetals tare da sauran sukari da mahaɗan da ke ɗauke da NH₂- da OH-.
2. Kirkiro fasalin polymer.

Lokacin da aka samar da hemiacetal na cyclic, ƙwayar zarra na ƙungiyar carbonyl ta canza zuwa ɗayan asymmetric. A wannan sabon atommetric carbon atom, atom hydrogen da rukunin hydroxyl za a iya shirya su ta hanyoyi guda biyu: H-hagu, OH-dama kuma, a takaice, H-dama, OH-hagu. Irin waɗannan isomers suna rarrabewa a cikin tsari na hemi-acetal hydroxyl ana kiranta anomers. Don rarrabe tsakanin anomers, ana amfani da taron masu zuwa: α- da β-, α-Anomer yana da rabin-acetal hydroxyl a gefe ɗaya kamar ƙungiyar OH, yana nuna cewa monosaccharide na -ungiyar D-ko L-jerin, β-anomer shine mataimakin.

Glucose na Pharmacopoeial shine α-D-glucose:

Ruwa mai narkewa na glucose ya zama kashi 10% na molar sa.

Gidaje. Farin farin farin lu'ulu'u, dandano mai dadi. Sauƙaƙe mai narkewa cikin ruwa, mai wahala a cikin giya, kusan a cikin insoluble a cikin ether.

Gaskiya.

1. Ma'anar Organoleptik (dandano mai dadi).

2. Yin hulɗa tare da haɓakar ma'abuta ƙarfe (samuwar hazo na farin ƙarfe), Nessler (haɓakar haɓakar ma'anar mercury), amsawar madubi na azurfa.

3. Lokacin da aka mai da shi tare da thymol da sinadarin sulfuric acid, launin launin duhu mai duhu. Sakamakon bushewar sukari, ana samar da abubuwan da ke dacewa da tsarin shaye shayen, wanda zaiyi maganin su tare da thymol don fitar da wani ruwan aurine:

4. Lokacin da aka mai da shi tare da resorcinol da tsarma hydrochloric acid, launuka masu launin ruwan hoda.

5. Samuwar azazones tare da phenylhydrazine (launin rawaya crystalline):

Tsabta. Glucose yana da takamaiman juyawa, yana dextrorotatory a cikin FS. An ba da izinin tazara na takamaiman juyawa, ana nuna ƙarfi, mafita shine mafita). Bayyanawa, launi, acidity, chlorides da aka karɓa, sulfates, alli. Abubuwan da ba a yarda da su ba: barium, dextran.

Eterayyade takamaiman juyawa α_D 20. Kasancewar cibiyoyin asymmetric da yawa a cikin ƙwayar glucose yana haifar da aikin gani tare da jujjuyar jujjuyawar jirgin saman hasken wuta. Ta hanyar auna kusurwar da hasken wuta ya kewaya, ana iya lissafa takamaiman juyawa. A cikin ingantattun hanyoyin samarda glucose, abin da ake kira maye gurbi ya faru, wanda shine canji a cikin girman juyawa, da kaiwa ga darajar kullun bayan wani lokaci. Za'a iya yin bayanin maye gurbi ta gaskiyar cewa yayin rushewar glucose, wanda ke cikin wani yanayi mai saurin magana a cikin nau'ikan cyclic guda ɗaya, an samar da hanyar aldehyde, ta hanyar da ake samun nau'ikan glucose na cyclic na glucose: α da β siffofin, waɗanda suka bambanta a cikin tsarin abubuwa a farkon carbon atom, dangane wanda suke da halaye daban-daban na juyawa. Musamman juyawa wani yanayi ne na aiki. Musamman kewaya ana ƙaddara shi ta hanyar lissafi azaman kusurwa na juyawa na jirgin sama na haske na monochromatic haske akan hanyar 1mm a cikin matsakaici mai ɗauke da ƙwayar abu mai aiki, tare da rage yawan yanayin wannan abun zuwa darajar 1 g / ml.

Ana lissafin girman takamaiman juyawa:
α = (α · 100) / (l · c) (don maganin matsalolin abubuwa)

Za'a iya haɓaka sabon abu maye gurbi ta hanyar ƙara ammoniya a cikin maganin glucose.

Quantification. Ba a bayar da ƙaddara mafi ƙuduri na labarin maganin ta yanzu ba. A cikin siffofin allura, ana amfani da refractometry. Daga cikin hanyoyin da ba na magunguna ba wadanda aka yi amfani da su don adadi na glucose ya kamata a lura da su:

1. Iodometrichanyar titration, i.e. titration na wuce haddi aidin bayan hadawan abu da iskar shaka. Hanyar Willstatter. A cikin alkaline ko carbonate matsakaici tare da wuce haddi na aidin, an oxidized zuwa acid (gluconic). Iodine an yiwa titin sodium thiosulfate.

2. Iodometricbayan hadawan abu da iskar shaka na Nessler na reagents.

3. Permanganatometric(Hanyar Bertrand). Hanyar titration kai tsaye. Hanyar an samo asali ne daga zaɓin hadawar sharar ƙashi na aldehyde tare da samar da Manushin, tare da ƙari da gishiri mai-ƙanshi ga mafita, wanda ake yiwa lakabi da potassium permanganate.

Hakikanin daidaituwa = 1/2.

4. Karatunhanya. An kafa shi ne ta hanyar ma'anar bayani na glucose.

5. Polarimetrichanya.

Aikace-aikacen. Ana amfani da glucose a matsayin tushen tushen kwayoyin narkewa mai sauƙin narkewa. Ana amfani dashi a cikin hanyar mafita don gudanarwa na ciki: 5%, 10%, 20%, da 40%. A cikin nau'ikan Allunan, 0.5 g da 1.0 g, kamar yadda kuma a hade tare da bitamin da sauran abubuwa.
Adanawa. A cikin akwati da aka rufe sosai a cikin bushewa.

Tsayar da hanyoyin magance glucose.

Ana amfani da mafita na glucose da yawa kuma ana shirya shi sau da yawa a cikin kantin magunguna. Lokacin zabar wani mai kwantar da hankula don maganin glucose, yana da mahimmanci don la'akari da yanayin da yawa na wannan abun. Glucose ba shi da tabbas a cikin mahallin alkaline, a ƙarƙashin rinjayar oxygen, ana kafa acid hydroxy: glycolic, levulinic, formic and hydroxymethyl furfural. Don hana wannan tsari, hanyoyin kwantar da hankali na glucose tare da 0.1 mol / L HC1 bayani zuwa pH na 3.0-4.0. An tabbatar da cewa a pH 3.0 akwai ƙaramin tsari na 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, wanda ke da tasirin nephrohepatotoxic. Glucose ba shi da tabbas a cikin yankin acidic - D-gluconic acid da lactones an kafa su, sakamakon hadawan abu da iskar shaka, musamman a lokacin sanyawa, an kirkiro 5-hydroxymethylfur-fural, yana haifar da launin ruwan maganin.

Hanyoyin maganin glucose a cikin GLF bisa ga GF X1 an daidaita su ta hanyar ƙara 0.2 g na NaCl a kowace lita na 1 da mafita 0.1 mol / L HCl zuwa pH na 3.0-4.0.

A halin yanzu, an yi imanin cewa NaCl a haɗe tare da Hcl yana ƙirƙirar tsarin kwantar da hankali na glucose a cikin tsaka tsaki da kuma wuraren acidic. A cikin kantin magani, an shirya mai kwantar da hankali bisa ga girke-girke mai zuwa:

NaCl - 5,2 g.
Diluted hydrochloric acid 4.4 ml
Ruwa don allura har zuwa 1 lita.

A cikin samar da mafita na glucose, ba tare da la'akari da maida hankali ba, ƙara 5% na wannan mai ƙarfin ƙarfi.

Oligosaccharides.Saccharum sukari.

Samun sukari daga beets na sukari ko sukari. Abin disaccharide ne, ya ƙunshi monosaccharides guda biyu: D - (+) - glucose da D - (-) - fructose:

Bayanin. Farar fata mai karfi na tsarin lu'ulu'u, babu kamshi, dandano mai daɗi. Sosai mai narkewa cikin ruwa.

Yana nufin rashin ingantaccen sugars, saboda babu wata ƙungiya ta hydro-Acetal hydroxy group, ba ta bada amsa tare da maganin zazzagewa, kuma kawai tana iya ƙirƙirar ethers da esters. Magungunan na iya sauƙin ruwa sosai a gaban ƙashin acid mai rauni.

Gaskiya. An haɗu da miyagun ƙwayoyi tare da maganin Co (KADA₃)₂ kuma mafita NaOH, fatalwar violet ta bayyana. Tare da resorcinol da tsami hydrochloric acid - matse mai ja.
Musamman juyawa daga +66.5 zuwa + 66.8º (bayani mai ruwa-ruwa 10). Hanyar ƙaddara ƙira shine polarimetric.

Aikace-aikacen. A matsayin filler a cikin allunan da foda, dangane da shi, an shirya syrups, ana amfani dashi duka biyu azaman sashi kuma don gyaran GLF.

Lactose.Saccharum lactis.

4- (β-D-galactopyranosido) - D-glucopyranose.

Bayanin. White lu'ulu'u ne ko farin lu'ulu'un foda, kamshi, dandano mai daɗi. Sauƙi mai narkewa cikin ruwa, kusan ba za'a iya narkewa a cikin ether da chloroform ba.

Gaskiya.
1. Tare da reagent na Felling, rawaya mai haske yana juyawa zuwa launin ruwan hoda mai launin shuɗi.
2. Tare da resorcinol da hydrochloric acid a zazzabi mai girma - matattakalar rawaya.
3. Musamman juyawa daga +52 zuwa +53.2 (5% maganin ruwa mai ruwa-ruwa).

Qaddara mai yawa.
1. Iodometric
2. Polarimetric.

Ana amfani azaman matsayin filler a cikin GLF.

Abubuwan Polysaccharides.Amilum-sitaci.

Samu sitaci daga albarkatu da dankali. Cakuda polysaccharides ne tare da babban tsari (C₆N₁₀Ah!₅)_x. Tsarin kwayar sitaci ya hada da ragowar α-D-glucopyranose, wanda ya banbanta da juna a matsayin darajar polymerization da yanayin nau'ikan. Za'a iya rarrabar polysaccharides zuwa kashi biyu: amylose da amylopectin. Amylose yana da babban tsarin layi tare da babban molar 30000-160000. An gina kwayar halitta daga α-D-glucopyranose, amma an haɗa shi a cikin 1 → 4:

Amylopectin shine samfurin polysaccharide. Hanyoyin suna cikin matsayi 1-4 da 1-6. Yawan masarar yana daga 100,000 zuwa 1,000,000.

Abubuwan da ke haifar da carbohydrates. Glucosamine. Amino ne asalin glucose. Tushen asalin halitta shine harsashi, jatan lande da sauran shirye-shiryen chitin. Samun acid hydrolysis na oligosaccharide - chitosan:

Ana amfani dashi azaman wakilin anti-mai kumburi da guntun tsari na kayan guringuntsi don gyarawa. Yana ɗayan nau'ikan nau'ikan sashi kuma ana amfani dashi da kansa ta hanyar hydrochloride.

Chondroitin. Oligoaminosaccharide, wanda yanki ne na guringuntsi. Ana amfani dashi azaman magani a cikin nau'ikan Allunan da maganin shafawa.

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides: carbohydrates a cikin misalai

Monosaccharides da disaccharides sune carbohydrates masu sauki waɗanda ke da dandano mai daɗi.

Saboda wannan ne ake kiransu da sukari. Koyaya, ba kowane sukari yana da irin wannan dandano ba.

Suna shiga cikin jiki ta abinci lokacin da menu na mutum ya ƙunshi samfuran asalin halitta, kamar 'ya'yan itatuwa, kayan lambu da berries.

A matsayinka na mai mulki, bayani kan jimlar abun ciki na sukari, glucose, fructose da sucrose ya ƙunshi tebur na musamman wanda aka jera samfurori daban-daban.

Idan carbohydrates mai sauƙi suna da dandano mai dadi, to, carbohydrates masu rikitarwa, waɗanda ake kira polysaccharides, ba.

Siffofin glucose

• Glucose shine monosaccharide wanda aka yi amfani dashi don gina mahimman polysaccharides kamar cellulose, glycogen, da sitaci. An samo shi a cikin berries, 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari, ta hanyar shi yana shiga cikin jini.
• Monosaccharides a cikin nau'i na glucose yana da ikon kasancewa nan da nan kuma ya zama cikakke lokacin da suka shiga cikin narkewa. Bayan glucose ya shiga jini, sai ya fara shiga cikin dukkan kasusuwa da gabobin ciki, inda wani abu ya faru da sinadarin oxidative, wanda yake haifar da kuzari.

Ga ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwa, glucose shine kawai tushen ƙarfin, don haka tare da karancin carbohydrates a cikin jiki, ƙwaƙwalwar ta fara wahala.

Matsayi ne na glucose a cikin jini wanda ke tantance ci da abinci na mutum.

Idan monosaccharides an mai da hankali sosai a cikin adadi mai yawa, ana iya lura da nauyin nauyi ko kiba.

Fasalin Fructose

1. Kawancen carbohydrates masu sauki, wadanda suke fructose, lokacin da aka shiga cikin hanji, ana samun su sau biyu a hankali kamar glucose. A lokaci guda, monosaccharides suna da ƙimar zama a cikin hanta na dogon lokaci.
2. Lokacin da metabolism na salula ya faru, ana canza fructose zuwa glucose. A halin yanzu, matakin sukari na jini baya ƙaruwa sosai, amma akwai sassauƙa da sannu a hankali a cikin alamun. Wannan hali baya buƙatar sakin kai tsaye na adadin insulin da ake buƙata, dangane da wannan, ana rage nauyin da ke kan jijiyon.
3. Idan aka kwatanta da glucose, fructose cikin sauri kuma a sauƙaƙe ya ​​zama mai kitse, wanda ke haifar da adon mai. A cewar likitocin, bayan cin abinci mai babban fructose wanda yawancin masu ciwon sukari ke samun nauyi. Saboda yawan ƙwayar C-peptides a cikin jini, akwai haɗarin haɓaka juriya na insulin, wanda ke haifar da bayyanar nau'in ciwon sukari na 2 na mellitus.
4. Monosaccharides kamar fructose ana iya samun su a cikin 'ya'yan itatuwa da berries sabo. Haɗe da wannan sukari na iya ƙunsar polysaccharides na fructose, wanda ya ƙunshi chicory, Urushalima artichoke da artichoke.

Sauran carbohydrates masu sauki

Mutum na karɓar galactose ta sukari madara, wanda ake kira lactose. Mafi sau da yawa, ana iya samun shi a cikin yoghurts da sauran kayan abinci mai haifar da asali. Bayan shiga hanta, galactose ya canza zuwa glucose.

Disaccharides yawanci ana samarwa da masana'antu. Mafi shahararren samfurin shine sucrose ko sukari na yau da kullun, wanda muke saya a cikin shaguna. An yi shi ne daga kayan bera da sukari.

Ciki har da sucrose da aka samo a guna, kankana, wasu kayan lambu da 'ya'yan itatuwa. Irin waɗannan abubuwan suna da ikon narkewa cikin sauƙi kuma nan take su watse cikin fructose da glucose.

Tunda yau ana amfani da disaccharides da monosaccharides a cikin shirye-shiryen da yawa jita-jita kuma sun kasance ɓangare na babban kayan samfurori, akwai haɗarin cin abinci mai yawa na carbohydrates. Wannan yana haifar da gaskiyar cewa matakan insulin na mutum a cikin karuwa na jini, ana ajiye ƙwayoyin mai, kuma bayanin martaba na jini yana da damuwa.

Duk waɗannan abubuwan mamakin na iya haifar da ci gaba na ciwan sukari mellitus, kiba, atherosclerosis da sauran cututtukan da suka danganci waɗannan cututtukan.

• Kamar yadda kuka sani, don cikakkiyar haɓakar yara na buƙatar carbohydrates mai sauƙi. A wannan yanayin, disaccharides kamar lactose suna aiki a matsayin babban tushen su, suna cikin samfuran samfuran madara.
• Tun da abincin da ya girma yana da fadi, rashin lactose yana rama ta hanyar amfani da wasu samfura. Hakanan, ba a bada shawarar madara mai yawa ga manya, saboda ayyukan enzyme lactose, wanda ke rushe waɗannan disaccharides, yana raguwa da shekaru.
• In ba haka ba, matsalar rashin haihuwa na iya faruwa saboda rashin haƙuri ga kayayyakin kiwo. Idan maimakon madara, kefir, yogurts, kirim mai tsami, cuku ko cuku gida an gabatar da su a cikin abincin, zaku iya guje wa irin wannan rudani a cikin jiki.
• Sakamakon gushewar ƙwayar polysaccharide a cikin ƙwayar gastrointestinal, an kirkiro maltose. Hakanan, ana kiran waɗannan disaccharides sukari malt. Su bangare ne na zuma, malt, giya, molasses, kayan kwalliya da kayayyakin burodi, wanda aka hada da molasses. Bayan shigo da maltose, har zuwa kwayoyi biyu na glucose sun rabu.
• Sorbitol wani nau'in glucose ne da aka dawo dashi wanda ke kula da sukari na jini, baya haifar da yunwa, kuma baya haifar da nauyin insulin. Sorbitol yana da dandano mai daɗi kuma ana amfani dashi sosai wurin samarwa samfurori don masu ciwon sukari. Koyaya, irin waɗannan ƙwayoyin polyhydric suna da hasara na shafar tasirin hanji, suna haifar da laxative sakamako da haɓakar gas.

Polysaccharides da abubuwan su

Polysaccharides sunadarai ne masu rikitarwa, wanda ya hada da monosaccharides da yawa, daga cikinsu ana samun yawancin glucose. Waɗannan sun haɗa da fiber, glycogen, da sitaci.

Ba kamar mono da disaccharides ba, polysaccharides ba su da takamaiman fasalin shigar azzakari cikin shiga sel. Da zarar cikin narkewar abinci, sai su rushe. Kamar yadda banda, fiber ba a narkewa ba.

Saboda wannan, ba ya samar da carbohydrates, amma yana ba da gudummawa ga aiki na al'ada na hanji.

Ana samun carbohydrates a adadi mai yawa a cikin sitaci, saboda wannan yana ɗauka shine asalin asalin su. Sitaci abinci ne wanda aka sanya shi cikin kayan shuka. Ana samun adadi mai yawa a cikin hatsi da kayan lebur. Saboda ƙimar abincinsa, ana ɗaukar sitaci abu ne mai amfani.

Mahimmanci da tsari na samuwar carbohydrates, ayyukansu. Halayen monosaccharides: rarrabuwa, isomerism, kayan aiki na jiki da sinadarai, abubuwan asali, maɓuɓɓuka. Rarraba hadaddun carbohydrates cikin oligosaccharides da polysaccharides, tsarin su da nau'ikan su.

Dukkanin takardu

Carbohydrates a matsayin rukuni na polyhydroxyaldehydes na halitta, tsarin su da kuma kayan aikin sunadarai, rarrabuwa da nau'ikan: monosaccharides, oligosaccharides da polysaccharides. Glycolysis da sake zagayowar Krebs. Regulation na carbohydrate metabolism. Rashin haƙuri na ɗan itace.

takarda na lokaci 422.5 K, an kara 03/07/2015

Rarraba carbohydrates (monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides) azaman yawancin abubuwan gina jiki. Abubuwan sunadarai na wani abu, rawar sa a cikin abinci mai gina jiki shine babban tushen samar da kuzari, halayyar mutum da wurin glucose a rayuwar ɗan adam.

Abstract 212.0 K, an ƙara 20 ga Disamba, 2010

Tsarin carbohydrates. Hanyar sarrafawa ta hanyar musayar glucose da sauran monosaccharides a cikin tantanin halitta. Monosaccharides da oligosaccharides. Hanyar ɗaukar monosaccharides a cikin hanji. Phosphorylation na glucose. Yawan rashin aiki na glucose-6-phosphate. Glycogen kira.

gabatarwar 1,3 M, an kara 12/22/2014

Ayyuka da rarrabuwa na carbohydrates - ƙwayoyin polyfunctional. Monosaccharides - pentoses: ribose, deoxyribose. Monosaccharides - hexoses: glucose, fructose. Bayanin rikice-rikice: sucrose. Maltose (sukari malt). Polysaccharides: sitaci, cellulose (fiber).

gabatarwa 935.8 K, an kara 03/17/2015

Kwayoyin halitta wanda ya ƙunshi carbon, oxygen, da hydrogen. Babban tsarin don sinadaran sunadarai na carbohydrates. Tsarin da kayan sunadarai na monosaccharides, disaccharides da polysaccharides. Babban ayyukan carbohydrates a jikin mutum.

gabatarwar 1,6 M, an kara ranar 10/23/2016

Tsarin carbohydrates, rarraba su. Babban ayyukan carbohydrates. Kira na carbohydrates daga formaldehyde. Ka'idodin monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides. Hydrolysis na sitaci ta hanyar enzymes da ke cikin malt. Alcohol da ferridation na lactic acid.

Gabatarwa 487.0 K, Anyi 01/20/2015

Babban tsarin maganin carbohydrates, mahimmancin mahimmancin magungunan halittu, mamaye yanayi da rawa a rayuwar ɗan adam. Irin nau'ikan carbohydrates ta tsarin sunadarai: mai sauƙi da hadaddun (mono- da polysaccharides). Samfurin samfurin carbohydrates daga formaldehyde.

sarrafa aiki 602.6 K, an ƙara 1/24/2011

Carbohydrates a matsayin abubuwa na kwayoyin, abubuwan da ke tattare da carbon, hydrogen da atoms oxygen, saba da rarrabuwa: oligosaccharides, polysaccharides. Halin wakilan monosaccharides: glucose, sukari 'ya'yan itace, deoxyribose.

Gabatarwa 1.6 M, an ƙara 03/18/2013

Binciken tsari, rarrabuwa da kayan kimiyyar sinadarai na carbohydrates. Matsayin monosaccharides akan aiwatar da numfashi da kuma photosynthesis. Matsayin kwayoyin halitta na fructose da galactose. Matsayin ilimin halittar jiki na aldose ko ketose. Abubuwan da suka shafi jiki da sunadarai na monosaccharides.

takarda lokaci 289.2 K, an ƙara 11/28/2014

Tsabtace abubuwa, kayan aiki na jiki da na sunadarai na polysaccharides. Hydrolysis na sitaci ta hanyar enzymes da acid. Magungunan magani da albarkatun kasa waɗanda ke ɗauke da polysaccharides (homoglycosides, polyoses, glycans, holosides). Aikace-aikacen a cikin aikin likita.

Abstract 84.2 K, an ƙara 08/23/2013