Hanyar haɓaka ƙwayar insulin

Fargabar insulin wani yanayi ne da ake nuna shi da hauhawar sukari jini (hypoglycemia) da kuma ƙaruwa a cikin insulin, hormone wanda ƙwayar huhu ke samarwa. Wannan yanayin pathological dole ne ya haɗu da tushen ciwon sukari mellitus.

A cikin lafiyar jiki, insulin da glucose koyaushe suna cikin ƙa'idodin yarda, amma tare da ciwon sukari, ƙwayar cuta ta lalace, kuma idan ba a kula da shi ba, wannan na iya haifar da haɓakar insulin. In ba haka ba, ana kuma iya kiranta rikicin sukari ko ƙwayar cutar farin ciki.

Wannan yanayin akwai m. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, ya gabace shi ta hanyar lokaci, amma a wasu halayen yana ɗaukar kaɗan kaɗan har ma mara lafiya da kansa bashi da lokacin lura. Sakamakon haka, asarar hankali na iya faruwa, wani lokacin kuma keta alfarmar ayyuka masu mahimmanci wanda aka tsara ta medulla oblongata ya faru.

Rikicin sugar yana tasowa cikin hanzari, tare da raguwa mai yawa a cikin tattarawar glucose a cikin jini, kazalika da jinkirin shan shi ta kwakwalwa. Ana aiwatar da irin wannan tsari ne ta tsarin hanyoyin:

1. Neuroglycopenia - raguwa a matakin sukari a cikin kayan kwakwalwa. An bayyana shi ta hanyar rikicewar jijiyoyin cuta, nau'ikan rikice-rikice halayen halaye, asarar hankali, rashiwa. A sakamakon haka, yana iya jujjuyawa zuwa cikin tsari.
2. Jin daɗin tsarin mai juyayi-adrenal, wanda ke bayyana kanta a cikin hanyar ƙara damuwa ko tsoro, tachycardia, spasm na jijiyoyin jini, rikice-rikice na tsarin juyayi na autonomic, halayen polymotor, ƙara haɓaka.

Haɓaka ƙarancin ƙwayar cutar mahaifa yana faruwa ba zato ba tsammani. Amma alamomin bayyanannun abubuwa sun gabace shi. A lokacin ƙaramin raguwa a cikin taro na glucose a cikin jini, mai haƙuri na iya jin ciwon kai, jin yunwar, zafin wuta. Wannan yana faruwa da tushen rauni gaba ɗaya. Hakanan, akwai wadataccen bugun zuciya, haɓaka samar da gumi, rawar jiki da ƙafar ƙafa ko jikin duka.

A wannan matakin, don jimre wa wannan yanayin mai sauqi ne idan kun ɗauki carbohydrates. Marasa lafiya waɗanda ke sane da cutar su koyaushe suna ɗaukar irin wannan shirye-shirye ko abinci mai daɗi (gudawa na sukari mai ladabi, shayi mai zaki ko ruwan 'ya'yan itace, Sweets, da sauransu). Lokacin da alamun farko suka faru, ya isa a yi amfani da su don daidaita matakan glucose.

Idan ana gudanar da aikin tare da insulin aiki na tsawon lokaci, to, mafi girman raguwar matakan glucose na jini yakan faru ne da rana da dare. A wannan lokacin ne faɗuwar insulin zai iya haɓaka. A cikin yanayin inda wannan yanayin ya tashi a lokacin baccin mai haƙuri, tsawon lokaci ya kasance ba a gane shi ba.

A wannan yanayin, rashin bacci yakan faru, ya zama na sama, mai hutawa, kusan sau tari. Idan yaro yana fama da wata cuta, to yana iya yin ihu ko kuka a cikin baccinsa. Bayan ya farka, bacci ya sake kwantawa da rikice-rikice.

Da safe, marasa lafiya suna jin rashin lafiya saboda bacci mai hutawa. A cikin waɗannan sa'o'i, glucose na jini yana ƙaruwa sosai, wanda ake kira "mai amsawa glycemia." Duk tsawon rana bayan girgiza insulin da daddare, mai haƙuri ya kasance mai haushi, mai ɗaukar hankali, juyayi, akwai yanayin rashin tausayi, ji na rauni a cikin jiki.

Kai tsaye a cikin lokacin tashe na hypoglycemic coma, an lura da alamun bayyanar cututtuka na asibiti:

• pallor da gumi na fata,
• samarin
• ƙwayar tsoka.

A lokaci guda, ɓarkewar gashin idanunsa ya kasance al'ada, harshe yana da daɗi, numfashi ya kasance rhythmic, amma a cikin rashin kulawar likita na lokaci, sannu a hankali ya zama na sama.

Tare da jinkirin bayyanuwa zuwa yanayin rikicin sukari, hypotension, rashin sautin tsoka, bradycardia, zafin jiki yana zama ƙasa da al'ada. Hakanan za'a iya yin rauni sosai a jiki ko kuma a bayyane gabaɗaya. Pupilsaliban sun daina amsa haske.

Idan ba a bayyana alamun cutar a matakin farko na girgiza insulin ba kuma babu wani taimakon likita, ana lura da tabarbarewa yanayin yanayin mai haƙuri. Trismus, bugun zuciya, tashin zuciya da amai na iya haɓaka, mai haƙuri ya sami damuwa, kuma bayan ɗan lokaci akwai asarar sani.

Lokacin gudanar da gwaje-gwaje na dakin gwaje-gwaje a cikin fitsari, ba a gano glucose ba. A wannan yanayin, tasirinta ga acetone zai iya zama duka mara kyau kuma tabbatacce. Sakamakon ya dogara da matsayin diyya na metabolism metabolism.

Kwayar cutar hypoglycemia na iya damewa marasa lafiya masu fama da ciwon sukari na dogon lokaci, har ma da matakin glucose na al'ada ko karuwa. An yi bayanin wannan ta hanyar canje-canje mai kauri a cikin glycemia, alal misali, daga 18 mmol / l zuwa 7 mmol / l kuma mataimakin.

Halin insulin ya fi faruwa a cikin marasa lafiya waɗanda ke fama da matsanancin ciwon sukari na mellitus-insulin-insulin-insulin na da. Bugu da kari, abubuwanda zasu iya haifar da ci gaban irin wannan yanayin:

• Gabatarwar kashi mara kyau na insulin.
• Gabatar da hormone ba subcutaneous, amma intramuscularly. Wannan na iya faruwa idan doguwar allura ta kasance a cikin sirinji ko mai haƙuri yana ƙoƙarin hanzarta sakamakon maganin.
• Muhimmin aiki na jiki, bayan wannan amfani abinci mai wadataccen carbohydrates bai bi ba.
• Idan mai haƙuri bai ci abinci ba bayan gudanar da insulin.
• Yin amfani da giya.
• Massage wurin da aka yi allura.
• Watan farko na ciki.
• Rashin wahala.
• Yawan hanta.

Rushewar insulin sau da yawa yana damuwa da mutane wanda ciwon sukari ya haɓaka da asalin yanayin ƙwayar cuta na kodan, hanji, hanta, tsarin endocrine.

Sau da yawa, rikicin sukari yana faruwa bayan ɗaukar salicylates ko kuma amfani da waɗannan magunguna lokaci guda tare da sulfonamides.

Jiyya na rashin daidaituwa na jini yana farawa tare da gabatarwar glucose a cikin jijiya. Ana amfani da maganin 40% a cikin adadin 20-100 ml. Sashi ya dogara da sauri da mai haƙuri zai dawo da hankali.

A cikin lokuta masu wahala, ana amfani da glucagon, ana gudanar da glucocorticoids a cikin jijiya ko intramuscularly. Hakanan ana iya amfani da maganin 0.1% na epinephrine hydrochloride. 1 ml yana allurar ƙarƙashin ƙasa.

Yayinda yake riƙe da nutsuwa ta haɗiye mai haƙuri, ya zama dole a sha tare da giya mai zaƙi ko glucose.

Game da rasa hankali, rashi na yadda ɗalibai suka amsa ga haske da nutsuwa, mai haƙuri yana nutsuwa da ƙananan saukowar glucose a ƙarƙashin harshen. Ko da a cikin coma, wannan kayan za a iya tunawa kai tsaye daga bakin ciki. Yi wannan a hankali domin mai haƙuri ba ya sara. Akwai analogues a cikin nau'in mala'ikan. Hakanan zaka iya amfani da zuma.

A kowane hali yakamata a samarda insulin tare da cutar sikila, tunda hakan zai kara dagula yanayin mara lafiyar kuma ya rage damar murmurewa sosai. Amfani da wannan magani a cikin irin waɗannan yanayi na iya zama da m.

Don guje wa aikin insulin da ba dole ba, wasu masana'antun suna ba da sirinji tare da kulle ta atomatik.

Taimako na farko

Don samar da kulawa ta gaggawa, kuna buƙatar sanin daidai alamun girgiza insulin. Idan ka yanke hukuncin daidai cewa wannan yanayin yana faruwa, kai tsaye ka taimaka wa mai haƙuri. Ya ƙunshi waɗannan matakai:

1. Kira motar asibiti
2. Kafin zuwan ƙungiyar likitoci, taimaka wa mara lafiya ya ɗauki matsayi mai kyau: kwance ko zaune.
3. Ka ba shi wani abu mai daɗi. Zai iya zama sukari, shayi, alewa, zuma, ice cream, jam. A matsayinka na mai mulki, marasa lafiya suna ɗaukar wannan tare da su.
4. Idan aka rasa asarar rai, sanya wanda aka yi wa kwalin sukari a kuncin. Ko da tare da kamuwa da cutar siga, ba ya cutar da lafiyar musamman.

Asibiti cikin gaggawa ya zama dole a irin wadannan halaye:

• Maimaita aikin glucose baya mai da hankali ga sani, yayin da matakin glucose a cikin jini ya ragu.
• Sau da yawa maimaita insulin shocks.
• Idan ya yiwu a shawo kan rawar jiki, amma akwai matsaloli tare da jijiyoyin jini, tsarin juyayi, ƙwaƙwalwar hanji ya bayyana, waɗanda a baya ba su nan.

Rushewar insulin wani mummunan cuta ne wanda zai iya biyan rayuwar mai haƙuri. Sabili da haka, yana da mahimmanci don samun damar samar da kulawa ta gaggawa cikin lokaci kuma gudanar da aikin da ya kamata.

Menene insulin shock?

Tare da raguwa kwatsam a cikin sukari a cikin jiki, fashewar insulin ko rikicin sukari ya faru. A wannan gaba, matakin insulin na hormone zai iya ƙaruwa sosai. Bayyanar cututtuka na haɓaka da sauri kuma suna da mahimmanci.

Sakamakon matsananciyar motsa jiki da matsanancin oxygen, ayyuka masu mahimmanci ana lalata su. Rikicin sukari yana tasowa daga tushen ciwon sukari. Arin digo a cikin ƙasa mai 2.3 mmol / L ana ɗaukar mahimmanci.

Daga wannan lokacin, canje-canje marasa alaƙa da ke faruwa a cikin jikin mutum. Amma idan mutum koyaushe yana da matakin sukari ya karu zuwa 20 mmol / L, to, mahimmin matsayi a gare shi zai zama raguwar glucose zuwa 8 mmol / L.

Babban mahimmanci a cikin wannan halin shine samar da taimako na lokaci-lokaci. Aiki daidai idan ya faru da rawar jiki insulin zai iya ceton ran mutum.

Bayyanar cututtuka da alamun farko

Cutar insulin na iya bunkasa a cikin 'yan kwanaki, dole wucewa ta hanyar matakin. Yana da mahimmanci a gyara wannan matakin kuma a fara jiyya nan take.

Don yanayin ya daidaita, mai haƙuri yana buƙatar yin amfani da jinkirin carbohydrates - porridge, sukari, zuma, abin sha mai dadi.

Marasa lafiya na insulin-da ke fama da wahala yana fama da rikice-rikice na dare. Ainihi, da yawa ba sa gyara wannan yanayin a gida.

Wadannan bayyanar cututtuka sun hada da:

• mummunan barci mara kyau
• nasiha
• Damuwa
• kururuwa
• kuka
• rikicewar hankali
• rauni a kan farkawa,
• rashin kulawa
• juyayi
• haushi.

Halin insulin yana nuna yanayin rashin ƙarfi da danshi a fata. Zafin jiki yana raguwa. Matsi da bugun jini yayi kasa da al'ada. Babu wani sassauci - ɗaliban ba sa kula da haske. Za'a iya gano kwatsam a cikin glucose tare da glucometer.

Lauyoyin wannan jiha su ne:

• wuce haddi na insulin - ba daidai ba sashi,
• gabatarwar hormone a cikin tsoka, ba a karkashin fata ba,
• watsi da abun ciye-ciye wanda yake motsa jiki bayan allurar hodar,
• shan giya
• kaya masu wuce haddi bayan aikin insulin,
• allurar shafin zubar jini - tasirin jiki,
• watannin farko na ciki
• na gazawar
• kitse mai adadi a cikin hanta,
• cutar hanji
• cututtukan tsarin endocrin
• rashin daidaituwa tsakanin kwayoyi.

Irin waɗannan halayen ana haifar da su musamman a cikin marasa hankalin masu rashin amfani da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ta amfani da farjin motsa jiki na insulin. Ana aiwatar da wannan hanyar ne da niyyar magance cututtukan schizophrenic, kuma za a iya amfani da ita tare da rubutaccen izinin haƙuri. A yayin irin waɗannan abubuwan, ana kula da haƙuri koyaushe don bayar da taimakon farko cikin lokaci idan ya cancanta.

Wani lokacin cutar rashin haihuwa na iya faruwa a cikin mutane masu cikakken lafiya. Stressarfin damuwa mai ƙarfi, ƙarancin abinci mai ƙoshin abinci, da ɗaukar nauyin jikin mutum na iya tsokani shi. Kwayar cutar za ta kasance iri ɗaya ce da ta ciwon suga.

Kulawar gaggawa

Tare da ƙwayar insulin, yana da matukar muhimmanci ga daidai kuma da sauri ba da taimakon farko:

1. Kira motar asibiti
2. Sanya wanda aka azabtar a cikin kyakkyawan yanayi.
3. Eterayyade sukari na jini ta amfani da glucometer. Idan wannan ba zai yiwu ba (babu na'urar), to sai a gudanar da maganin mara lafiya 20 ml na 40% na glucose. Idan yanayin rikice-rikice yana da alaƙa da raguwar glucose, to ingantawa zai faru da sauri. Kuma idan dysfunction yana da alaƙa da hyperglycemia, to babu wasu canje-canje da zasu faru.
4. Ka ba wa wanda aka cutar da shayi mai zaki ko abin sha mai ɗaci. Bada izinin cin ɗan farin burodi, kayan kwalliya, sukari, zuma ko jam. A kowane hali kada ku bayar da ice cream ko cakulan - wannan kawai zai cutar, saboda zai rage jinkirin karbowar carbohydrates. Idan mutum bai san abin ba, to sai a ɗibi ɗan sukari a kuncin.
5. Wajibi ne a aiwatar da sakin adrenaline a cikin jini. Idan hankali bai yi asara ba, to yin popping, tweaking da sauran nau'in haushi zai taimaka.
6. A cikin lokuta masu tsauri, ana sarrafa glucose ko glucagon.

Yakamata kulawar gaggawa ta shigo cikin kankanin lokaci, saboda wannan yanayin yana da matukar muhimmanci. Bugu da ƙari, likitoci za su ba da madaidaicin magani, suna lura da yanayin mai haƙuri koyaushe. A cikin Asibiti, za a gudanar da sanya idanu akai akai na matakan sukari da glucose na ciki. A cikin lokuta masu tsanani, ana iya amfani da magungunan corticosteroid.

Idan girgiza insulin ta dawo a kai a kai ko bayan alamu waɗanda basu taɓa faruwa ba, to ya kamata kai tsaye ku nemi taimakon likita. Wannan yanayi ne mai matukar hatsarin gaske, wanda idan babu magani na kan lokaci zai iya haifar da rikice-rikice.

• hanjin harshe,
• bugun jini
• ba a canzawa lalacewar tsarin juyayi na tsakiya ba,
• canjin mutum
• karancin hankali
• lalatawar mutum
• m sakamako.

Wannan yanayin yana da matukar haɗari ga mutanen da ke fama da cutar sannu-sannu.

Tare da nau'i mai laushi na rikicin sukari da kulawar likita na lokaci, ƙaddarawar tana da matukar dacewa. Ana cire cututtukan hanzari da sauri, kuma murmurewar mutum yana da sauƙi. Amma tare da siffofi masu tsauri, ba koyaushe mutum zai yi fatan samun kyakkyawan sakamako ba. Anan babban rawar yana taka rawar gani da kuma lokacin taimako na farko. Daidaita ilimin likita na dogon lokaci, ba shakka, yana shafar sakamakon yanayin.

Bidiyo daga gwani:

Matakan hanawa

Hypoglycemia ya ƙunshi gigicewar insulin da farin ciki. Don hana yiwuwar rikice-rikice, ya zama dole don jagoranci ingantacciyar rayuwa da lura da taka tsantsan.

Mutumin da ke cikin haɗarin ya:

1. Horar da dangi da abokan aiki na farko kan rage glucose kwatsam.
2. Ku san kanku algorithm na ayyuka a cikin mawuyacin hali.
3. A kai a kai suna lura da sukari na jini da fitsari. Tare da ciwon sukari, sau da yawa a wata.
4. Kullum a kan abinci a hannunka tare da carbohydrates digestible - sukari, zuma, ruwan 'ya'yan itace, farin gurasa, allunan glucose. Wannan zai taimaka dakatar da alamun hypoglycemia.
5. Biye da abinci. Ku ci ƙananan abinci a lokaci-lokaci. Rage yawan cin abinci na carbohydrate, kuma furotin ya kamata ya zama rabin yawan abincin. Musamman ware amfani da sukari.
6. Kuskantar da kai game da zaɓin motsa jiki. Rage aikin jiki wanda zai rage matakan glucose.
7. Gudanar da nauyin jiki. Wannan zai ba da damar jiki ya yi amfani da insulin da kyau.
8. Kar ku dame hankalin farkawa da bacci.
9. Kiyaye karfin jini tsakanin iyakance al'ada.
10. Guji barasa da shan sigari.
11. Ci gaba da yanayin tunanin damuwa.
12. Imalarancin ɗan gishiri zai rage nauyin a kodan.
13. Yi taka tsantsan lura da adadin insulin da ake gudanarwa.Daidai yi allura - karkashin fata.
14. Kula da magunguna don rage sukari.
15. Don sarrafa sukari lokacin shan magungunan anticoagulants, beta-blockers, salicylates, tetracycline, anti-TB.
16. Kula da jiki akai-akai tare da takaddun bitamin na musamman ga masu ciwon sukari.
17. Yi la'akari da lokaci-lokaci mai rikitarwa da kuma yiwuwar yanayin cututtukan cuta.

Hypoglycemia yanayi ne mai haɗari ga mutum, wanda zai iya haifar da rikice-rikice har ma da mutuwa. Yin rigakafi da taimako na kan lokaci yana taimakawa wajen kiyaye ayyukan jikin.

Menene insulin shock

Halin insulin na hormone, wanda aka samar a cikin tsibirin na pancreatic, yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tsarin metabolism na metabolism. Tare da nau'in ciwon sukari na 1, ƙwayar wannan hormone yana dakatarwa gaba ɗaya, tare da tsawan nau'in ciwon sukari na 2, raunin insulin mai zurfi na iya faruwa. A cikin abubuwan biyu, an wajabta mai haƙuri don yin allurar rigakafin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar cuta a cikin ƙwayar cuta. Ana yin lissafin kashi insulin daban don kowane allura, yayin da yawan glucose daga abinci dole ne a lasafta shi.

Bayan gabatarwar miyagun ƙwayoyi, glucose daga jini ya shiga cikin kyallen da ake amfani da insulin: tsokoki, mai, da hanta. Idan mai ciwon sukari ya yi wa kansa allura mai yawa fiye da yadda ake buƙata, matakin glucose na jini ya ragu sosai, ƙwaƙwalwa da kashin baya za su rasa babban tushen ƙarfinsu, sai cuta mai haɗari ta haɓaka, wacce aka fi sani da girgiza insulin. Yawanci, wannan rikitarwa yana tasowa lokacin da sukari ya sauka zuwa 2.8 mmol / L ko ƙasa. Idan yawan abin sama da yakamata yayi yawa kuma sukari ya sauka da sauri, alamun girgiza na iya farawa kamar mm mm / mm / mm.

A cikin mafi yawan lokuta, girgiza insulin na iya faruwa a cikin mutanen da basa amfani da shirye-shiryen insulin. A wannan yanayin, sanadin wuce haddi a cikin jini na iya zama insulinoma - tumo wanda ke da ikon samarda insulin da kansa kuma ya jefa shi cikin jini cikin adadi mai yawa.

Alamomin farko da alamun cutar

Rushewar insulin a cikin matakai 2, kowanne yana da nasa alamun:

Idan an kawar da hypoglycemia a matakin juyayi, alamomin ciyayi sun shuɗe, yanayin mai haƙuri ya inganta da sauri. Wannan matakin gajere ne, ana sauya farin ciki ne da sauri ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba, da ƙarancin sani. A mataki na biyu, mai ciwon sukari bashi iya taimakon kansa, koda kuwa yana da hankali.

Idan sukari na jini ya ci gaba da raguwa, mai haƙuri ya faɗi cikin wawa: ya zama yayi shuru, ya motsa kaɗan, baya amsawa wasu. Idan ba a kawar da girgizawar insulin ba, mutum ya yi asarar rai, ya faɗi cikin farin jini, sannan ya mutu.

A mafi yawancin lokuta, ana iya hana girgiza insulin kai tsaye bayan bayyanar alamun ta farko. Wani banbanci shi ne marasa lafiya da ke fama da cutar sankara na dogon lokaci, waɗanda suke da tabin hankali a jiki. A wannan yanayin, ana aiki da tsarin tsarin juyayi, watsar da kwayoyin hodar iblis a cikin zafin jiki an rage su. Kwayar cutar dake nuna alamar hauhawar jini yana bayyana latti, kuma mai haƙuri ba shi da lokaci don ɗaukar matakan ƙara yawan sukari. Idan ciwon sukari yana da rikitarwa jijiya, mai haƙuri na iya rasa hankali ba tare da alamun farko ba.

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Yadda za a hana sake dawowa

Don hana sake sake firgita insulin, masana ilimin kimiya na endocrinologists suna ba da shawara:

• yi ƙoƙarin gano abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar cuta a cikin jiki don la'akari da kuskurenku da kuka yi lokacin yin lissafin adadin insulin, lokacin shirya menu da aikin jiki,
• a kowane hali kada ku tsallake abinci bayan insulin, kada ku rage girman sashi, kada ku maye gurbin abinci da carbohydrate tare da furotin,
• kar a ci barasa a cikin ciwon sukari. A cikin halin maye, tsalle-tsalle a cikin glycemia mai yiwuwa ne, mafi girman hadarin ba daidai ba ne don yin lissafin ko allurar insulin - game da barasa da ciwon sukari,
• wani lokaci bayan girgiza, fiye da yadda aka saba, auna sukari, tashi sau da yawa da dare kuma da safe.
• daidaita dabarar allura. Tabbatar da cewa insulin samun a karkashin fata, ba tsoka ba. Don yin wannan, zaku buƙaci maye gurbin allura tare da gajeru. Kar a shafa, kada ku zafi, kar a goge, kada ku tausa wurin allurar,
• a hankali kula da glycemia yayin ƙoƙari, ba kawai jiki ba amma har da motsin rai,
• shirya ciki. A cikin farkon watanni, buƙatar insulin na iya raguwa,
• lokacin sauya sheka daga insulin na mutum zuwa analogues, zabi sashi na shirin basal da dukkan coefficients don kirga gajeran insulin din,
• Kada ku fara shan magunguna ba tare da tuntuɓar likita na endocrinologist ba. Wasu daga cikinsu (magunguna don rage matsin lamba, tetracycline, asfirin, sulfonamides, da sauransu) suna haɓaka aikin insulin,
• koyaushe ɗaukar carbohydrates mai sauri da glucagon,
• sanar da dangi, abokai, abokan aiki game da cutar sankara, san su da alamun girgiza, koyar da ka'idojin taimako,
• sanye da munduwa na ciwon sukari, saka kati tare da maganin cutar ku da kuma magunguna masu izini a cikin fasfonku ko walat ɗinku.

Tabbatar koya! Shin kuna tsammanin kulawa da kwayoyin hana daukar ciki da insulin shine hanya daya tilo da za'a kula da sukari? Ba gaskiya bane! Kuna iya tabbatar da wannan da kanku ta hanyar fara amfani da shi. kara karantawa >>