Tsarin Carbohydrate - Monosaccharides, Disaccharides da Polysaccharides

Carbohydrates (sukari, saccharides) - abubuwa na abubuwa masu dauke da rukunin carbonyl da kungiyoyin hydroxyl da yawa. Sunan ajin mahadi ya fito ne daga kalmomin “carbon hydrates”, C. Schmidt ne ya fara gabatar da shi a shekarar 1844. Bayyanuwar wannan sunan ya faru ne sakamakon cewa farkon farkon shahararrun carbohydrates a cikin kimiyya an bayyana shi ta babban tsari C_x(H₂O)_yainihin tsari mahaɗin carbon da ruwa.

Carbohydrates abubuwa ne masu hade da sel da kyallen dukkan halittu masu rai na tsirrai da duniyar dabbobi, wanda yake girma (da nauyi) mafi yawan kwayoyin halitta akan duniya. Tushen carbohydrates ga dukkan kwayoyin halitta shine tsarin daukar hoto wanda tsirrai ke aiwatarwa.

Carbohydrates ya kasu kashi biyu monosaccharides, oligosaccharides da polysaccharides.i

Monosaccharides (carbohydrates mai sauki) sune wakilan mafi sauƙaƙe na carbohydrates kuma kada ku karye cikin hadaddun abubuwa masu sauƙi yayin haɓaka hydrolysis. Monosaccharides shine tushen samar da makamashi mafi sauri kuma mafi inganci don tafiyar matakai da ke faruwa a cikin tantanin halitta. Monosaccharides suna yin oxidized nan da nan zuwa carbon dioxide da ruwa, yayin da sunadaran sunadarai da kitsen sun kasance oxidized zuwa samfuran guda ta hanyar jerin matakan tsaka-tsakin tsari. Monosaccharides suna da dandano mai dadi kuma saboda haka ana kiran su "sugars".

Oligosaccharides - mafi hadaddun mahadi da aka gina daga da yawa (daga 2 zuwa 10) ragowar monosaccharide. Disaccharides (oligosaccharides), kamar monosaccharides, suna da dandano mai dadi kuma saboda haka ana kiran su "sugars".

Abubuwan Polysaccharides - babban nauyin ƙwayoyin ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta - polymers waɗanda aka kafa daga yawancin monosaccharides. An kasu kashi biyu narkewa (sitaci, glycogen) da mara-digestible (fiber na abin da ake ci - fiber, hemicellulose, abubuwa na pectin) a cikin ƙwayar gastrointestinal. Possaccharides ba shi da dandano mai dadi.

Monosaccharides an rarrabe su bisa halaye biyu:
• yanayin groupungiyar carbonyl,
• tsawon sarkar carbon.

Ana kiran Monosaccharides wanda ke da rukunin aldehyde karkatarwa, Ketone rukuni (yawanci a matsayi 2) - ketoses (karin bayani -ose halayyar sunayen duk monosaccharides: glucose, galactose, fructose). Tsarin aldoses da ketosis gabaɗaya za'a iya wakilta kamar haka.

Ya danganta da tsawon sarkar carbon (3-10 atoms), monosaccharides sun kasu kashi uku, tetrose, pentoses, hexoses, heptoos, da dai sauransu Pentoses da hexoses sun fi yawa.

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Tsara

Dukkanin carbohydrates suna hade da "raka'a" daban, waɗanda keɓaɓɓe. Dangane da ikon su na hydrolyze a cikin monomers, carbohydrates sun kasu kashi biyu: sauki da hadaddun. Carbohydrates dauke da guda daya ana kiranta monosaccharides, raka'a biyu disaccharides, raka'a biyu zuwa goma sune oligosaccharides, kuma sama da goma sune polysaccharides. Monosaccharides da sauri suna haɓaka sukari na jini kuma suna da babban ma'aunin glycemic, saboda haka ana kiransu carbohydrates mai sauri. Suna iya narkewa cikin ruwa kuma an haɗa shi cikin tsire-tsire kore. Carbohydrates wanda ya kunshi raka'a 3 ko sama da haka ana kiransa hadaddun. Abincin abinci mai kyau a cikin hadaddun carbohydrates a hankali yana haɓaka glucose kuma yana da ƙarancin glycemic index, wannan shine dalilin da ya sa ana kiransu jinkirin carbohydrates. Cikakken carbohydrates sune samfurori na polycondensation na sukari mai sauƙi (monosaccharides) kuma, sabanin waɗannan masu sauƙi, zasu iya yin hydrolyze cikin monomers a cikin lalata hydrolytic don samar da ɗaruruwan dubban kwayoyin monosaccharide.

Tsarin glucose na zobe

Lokacin da kwayoyin glucose suka samar da zobe mai lamba shida, akwai damar kashi 50% cewa carbon na farko yana da rukunin hydroxyl kusa da jirgin saman zobe.

Glucose na zobe yana iya samun wurare biyu daban daban na rukunin hydroxyl (-OH) a kusa da anomeric carbon (carbon No. 1, wanda ya zama asymmetric kan aiwatar da samuwar zobe, cibiyar sitiriyo).

Idan rukunin hydroxyl sun kasance ƙasa da carbon No. 1 a cikin sukari, to, sun faɗi cewa yana cikin matsayi alfa (α) kuma idan yana saman jirgin sama, sai suce yana kan matsayi beta (β) .

Sauran mahadi

Sauran kwayoyin sunadarai sun wanzu. Zasu iya zama na halitta da na wucin gadi.

Galactose na halitta ne. Hakanan ana samun shi cikin abinci, amma baya faruwa da tsarkakakkiyar sifar. Galactose shine sakamakon hydrolysis na lactose. Babban tushenta shine madara.

Sauran monosaccharides na halitta sune ribose, deoxyribose da mannose.

Hakanan akwai nau'ikan irin wannan carbohydrates, wanda ake amfani da fasahar masana'antu.

Hakanan ana samun waɗannan abubuwa a abinci kuma suna shiga jikin mutum:

Kowane ɗayan waɗannan mahadi ya bambanta a cikin kayan aikinsa da aikinsa.

Bayani da amfanin su

Nau'in nau'in mahallin carbohydrate shine disaccharides. An dauke su hadaddun abubuwa. Sakamakon hydrolysis, ana samar da kwayoyin monosaccharide guda biyu daga gare su.

Wannan nau'in carbohydrate yana da halaye masu zuwa:

• tauri
• solubility cikin ruwa
• mara kyau solubility a mayar da hankali giya,
• dandano mai dadi
• launi - daga fari zuwa launin ruwan kasa.

Babban kaddarorin kemikal na disaccharides sune halayen hydrolysis (glycosidic bond sun karye kuma an kafa monosaccharides) da kuma ɗaukar ciki (an kafa polysaccharides).

Akwai nau'ikan mahaɗan 2 irin wannan:

1. Mayarwa. Siffar su shine kasancewar semiungiyar hydro-Acryal hydroxyl kyauta. Saboda shi, irin waɗannan abubuwan suna da rage kaddarorin. Wannan rukuni na carbohydrates sun hada da cellobiose, maltose da lactose.
2. Babu gyara. Wadannan mahadi ba su da yiwuwar raguwa, tunda ba su da wata ƙungiya ta hydro-Acetal hydroxyl. Mafi shahararrun abubuwa na wannan nau'in sune sucrose da trehalose.

Wadannan mahadi suna yadu cikin yanayi. Ana iya samo su duka a cikin kyauta kuma a matsayin ɓangare na sauran mahadi. Abubuwan disaccharides sune tushen samar da ƙarfi, tunda aka samo glucose daga gare su yayin hydrolysis.

Lactose yana da matukar mahimmanci ga yara, saboda shine babban abin da ya shafi abincin yara. Wani aiki na carbohydrates na wannan nau'in tsari ne, tunda suna ɓangaren sel ne, wanda ya zama dole don ƙirƙirar sel tsiro.

Halaye da sifofin polysaccharides

Wani nau'in carbohydrates sune polysaccharides. Wannan shine mafi girman nau'in haɗin haɗi. Sun ƙunshi adadi mai yawa na monosaccharides (babban aikin su shine glucose). A cikin gastrointestinal fili, polysaccharides ba a shan su ba - ana aiwatar da aikin share fage ne da farko.

Siffofin wadannan abubuwan sune kamar haka:

• insolubility (ko rashin isasshen ruwa) a ruwa,
• launin shuɗi (ko babu launi)
• basu da wari
• kusan dukkansu ba su da dandano (wasu suna da dandano mai ɗanɗano).

Abubuwan sunadarai na waɗannan abubuwan sun haɗa da hydrolysis, wanda aka gudana a ƙarƙashin rinjayar masu kara kuzari. Sakamakon amsawar shine lalatawar kwayoyin halitta zuwa abubuwa na tsarin - monosaccharides.

Wani dukiya shine ƙirƙirar abubuwan gado. Polysaccharides na iya amsawa tare da acid.

Kayayyakin da aka kirkira yayin waɗannan hanyoyin suna da bambanci sosai. Waɗannan sune acetates, sulfates, esters, phosphates, da sauransu.

Bidiyo na ilimi akan ayyuka da rarrabuwa na carbohydrates:

Waɗannan abubuwa suna da mahimmanci don cikakken aiki na tsarin gaba ɗaya da sel gaba ɗaya. Suna samar da jiki da makamashi, shiga cikin samuwar sel, kare gabobin ciki daga lalacewa da illa mai illa. Hakanan suna taka rawar ajiye abubuwan da dabbobi da tsirrai ke buƙata idan ya sami lokacin wahala.

Oligosaccharides

Oligosaccharides sune sukari dauke da biyu ko uku masu sauki an haɗu tare da waɗanda ake kira covalent bond glycoside.

Glycoside bonds na iya zama alpha ko beta.

Misalai mafi mahimmancin disaccharides,

1) Maltose (maltose) - ya kunshi kwayoyin halitta guda biyu α-glucose gudanar tare 1-4-glycosidic bond. Ana iya samun Maltose a hatsi da ake amfani da shi wajen samar da giya.
2) Sucrose - ya kunshi α - glucose da α - fructose tare da 1-2 - glycosidic bond tsakanin su. Misalin sucrose shine tebur mai sukari.
3) Lactose (lactose) - ya kunshi α - glucose da α - galactose. Lactose yawanci ana samunsa a cikin madara.

Abubuwan Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides sune polyosaccharide polymers waɗanda suka haɗa daga ɗarurruwan ɗari zuwa dubu da yawa na lambobin monosaccharidewanda aka gudanar tare da glycosidic bond.

Wasu polysaccharides an haɗa su da sarƙoƙi madaidaiciya kuma wasu an yi masu alama. Babban misalai na polysaccharides sune sitaci, glycogen, cellulose da chitin.

Tace (sitaci) nau'i ne na sukari wanda tsirrai suka adana shi kuma ya ƙunshi amyloses da amylopectin waxanda sune sinadarin glucose.

Sitaci ya ƙunshi monomers na glucose, waɗanda ke hade da α 1-4 ko kuma glycosidic bond. Lambobin 1-4 da 1-6 suna magana ne da adadin adadin zarra ɗin carbon a cikin monomers wanda ke haɗa su.

Amylose shine sitaci wanda aka kafa shi ta hanyar sarƙoƙin sarƙoƙi na mambobi (α α 1-4 kawai), yayin da amylopectin wani ƙwayar polysaccharide ne mai mahimmanci (α 1-6 bond a wuraren reshe).

Glycogen (glycogen) wani nau'in adana glucose ne a cikin mutane da sauran hanyoyin jiki kuma ya kunshi monomers na glucose.

Cellulose Babban aikin polysaccharide ne na dukkanin tsirrai kuma shine babban bangare a jikin ganuwar tantanin halitta.

Cellulose shine polymer β-glucose mai narkewa wanda aka gudanar tare ta hanyar haɗin glycosidic 1-4.

Duk Monomer na glucose na biyu a cikin cellulose ana jujjuya shi kuma an adana monomers a cikin sarƙoƙi na polymer mai tsawo. Wannan yana ba wa cellulose matsakaicinta da ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, wanda yake da matukar muhimmanci ga ƙwayoyin shuka.

Kodayake haɗin en cellulose ba zai iya lalata ta hanyar enzymes na ɗan adam ba, herbivores kamar shanu, koalas, buffalos da dawakai suna iya narke kayan kayan masarufi da ke cikin fiber kuma suna amfani dashi azaman abinci ta amfani da magudanan abinci na musamman a cikin su.

Wani kwayar zarra mai kama da kwayar halitta (polylulose-like polymer) ta wanzu a cikin tsayayyen exoskeleton kwari, crustaceans.

Wannan polymer an san shi da chitin polysaccharide wanda ke dauke da sinadarin nitrogen. Ya ƙunshi maimaita raka'a na N-acetyl-β-d-glucosamine (sukari da aka gyara).

Chitin shima babban bangare ne na ganuwar tantanin halitta. Namomin kaza ba dabbobi ko tsire-tsire ba kuma suna samar da masarautar masarautar eukaryotes.

Carbohydrates, tsarin su da ayyukansu.