Bambanci tsakanin insulin da glucagon

Glucagon da insulin sune hormones na huhu. Ayyukan dukkanin kwayoyin shine tsari na metabolism a cikin jiki. Babban aikin insulin da glucagon shine samar da jiki da kayan abinci bayan abinci da lokacin azumi. Bayan cin abinci, ya zama dole a tabbatar da kwararar glucose a cikin sel da ajiyar yawansa. Yayin azumi - don fitar da glucose daga ajiyar (glycogen) ko hada shi ko wasu kayan makamashi.

An yi imanin cewa insulin da glucagon suna rushe carbohydrates. Wannan ba gaskiya bane. Enzymes yana lalata abubuwa. Hormones yana tsara waɗannan matakan.

Kira na glucagon da insulin

An samar da Hormones a cikin glandon endocrine. Insulin da glucagon - a cikin farfaɗarin: insulin a cikin cells-sel, glucagon - a cikin sel-of the tsibiran na Langerhans. Dukkanin kwayoyin halittun guda biyu sune furotin a yanayi kuma sunadarai ne daga abubuwan tsari. Insulin da glucagon suna ɓoye a cikin yanayi mai tsayayye: insulin don hyperglycemia, glucagon don hypoglycemia. Rabin rayuwar insulin shine mintuna 3-4, kullun yanayinsa yana tabbatar da tsayar da matakan glucose na jini a cikin kunkuntar iyaka.

Tasirin insulin

Insulin yana daidaita metabolism, musamman maida hankali kan glucose. Yana shafar membrane da hanyoyin cikin ciki.

Membrane sakamakon insulin:

• yana ƙarfafa jigilar glucose da wasu monosaccharides,
• stimulates sufurin amino acid (akasarin arginine),
• Yana ƙarfafa jigilar mayukan mai,
• stimulates sha na potassium da magnesium ions ta tantanin halitta.

Insulin yana da tasirin ƙwayoyin ciki:

• yana ƙarfafa kirar DNA da RNA,
• da haɓaka aikin furotin,
• yana haɓaka ƙwayar enzyme glycogen synthase (yana samar da haɗin glycogen daga glucose - glycogenesis),
• yana ƙarfafa glucokinase (enzyme wanda ke inganta juyar da glucose zuwa glycogen a cikin yanayin ƙarfinsa),
• yana hana glucose-6-phosphatase (enzyme wanda ke tasirin juyar da glucose-6-phosphate zuwa glucose kyauta kuma, gwargwadon haka, yana ƙara yawan sukari jini),
• Yana ƙarfafa lipogenesis,
• yana hana lipolysis (saboda hanawar aikin cAMP),
• yana ƙarfafa hadaddun mayukan kitse,
• kunna Na + / K + -ATPase.

Matsayin insulin a cikin jigilar glucose zuwa sel

Glucose yana shiga cikin sel ta amfani da furotin na musamman na jigilar kaya (GLUT). GLUTs masu yawa suna cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin jikinsu. A cikin membranes na kasusuwa da ƙwayoyin tsoka, tsoka nama, farin jini, da kuma renal cortex, jigilar insulin-dogara da aikin GLUT4. Masu jigilar insulin a cikin membranes na tsarin juyayi na tsakiya da ƙwayoyin hanta ba su da insulin masu zaman kansu, saboda haka, wadatar da glucose ga ƙwayoyin waɗannan kyallen takarda ya dogara ne da tattarawa cikin jini. Glucose yana shiga cikin sel da hanji, da hanji, da kuma sel jini ba tare da dillalai kwata-kwata ba, ta hanyar yadawa. Don haka, insulin ya zama dole don glucose ya shiga cikin sel na adipose nama, ƙashi na kasusuwa da ƙuƙwalwar zuciya. Tare da rashin insulin, ƙaramin adadin glucose zai fada cikin sel waɗannan kyallen, waɗanda basu isa ba don tabbatar da bukatunsu na rayuwa, koda a cikin yanayin babban glucose a cikin jini (hyperglycemia).

Matsayin insulin a cikin metabolism metabolism

Insulin yana karfafa amfani da glucose, gami da hanyoyin da yawa.

1. Activityara yawan aikin glycogen synthase a cikin ƙwayoyin hanta, yana ƙarfafa aikin glycogen daga ragowar glucose.
2. Activityara yawan aikin glucokinase a cikin hanta, yana ƙarfafa ƙwayar glucose tare da samuwar glucose-6-phosphate, wanda "ya kulle" glucose a cikin tantanin halitta, saboda ba shi da ikon wucewa cikin membrane daga cikin tantanin halitta zuwa cikin intercellular sararin samaniya.
3. Yana hana phosphatase hanta, da ɗaukar juyawa da juyawar glucose-6-phosphate zuwa glucose kyauta.

Duk waɗannan hanyoyin suna tabbatar da ɗaukar glucose ta ƙwayoyin sel da keɓaɓɓen yanki da raguwa a cikin haɗin sa, wanda ke haifar da raguwa a cikin taro na glucose a cikin jini. Bugu da kari, karuwar amfani da glucose ta sel yana ajiyar sauran kayan kwantar da hankali na ciki - fats da sunadarai.

Matsayin insulin a cikin metabolism metabolism

Insulin yana motsa dukkan abubuwan hawa na amino acid a jikin kwayar halitta da kuma furotin a ciki. Maganin furotin ana motsa shi ta hanyoyi biyu:

• saboda kunnawar mRNA,
• ta hanyar kara kwararar amino acid a cikin tantanin halitta.

Kari akan haka, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, karuwar amfani da glucose a matsayin madadin makamashi ta kwayar yana rage rushewar furotin a ciki, wanda ke haifar da karuwar kantin kayan abinci. Sakamakon wannan sakamako, insulin ya shiga cikin tsarin ci gaba da haɓaka jiki.

Matsayin insulin a cikin metabolism mai

Membrane da tasirin insulin suna haifar da karuwa a cikin ɗakunan ajiya mai a cikin nama na adipose da hanta.

1. Insulin yana samarda shigarwar glucose a cikin sel na adipose nama kuma yana karfafa hada hada shi abu a ciki.
2. Yana ƙarfafa samuwar ƙwayoyin lipoprotein a cikin ƙwayoyin endothelial. Irin wannan nau'in lipase yana gurbata ruwan jiki na maganin triacylglycerols wanda ke haɗuwa da lipoproteins na jini kuma yana tabbatar da karɓar ƙwayoyin mai da ke cikin ƙwayoyin adipose nama.
3. Yana hana lipoprotein maganin ƙwayoyin cuta na ciki, don haka yana hana lipolysis a sel.

Tsarin kwayoyin halitta na insulin:

Insulin ya ƙunshi amino acid kuma ya ƙunshi sarƙoƙi biyu, waɗanda ake kira sarkar A da B-sarkar, waɗanda ke haɗuwa tare ta amfani da shaharar sulfur. Ana samar da insulin daga hormone insulin wanda a zahiri yana da sarƙoƙin amino acid guda uku. Enzyme yana gyaran hormone ta hanyar da kawai sarkar A da B zasu iya kasancewa don samar da insulin.

Sirrin jawo hankali:

Insulin insulin shine yafi haifar da cutar hawan jini (hyperglycemia) a cikin jini na jijiya. Wasu nau'ikan acid ɗin mai, keto acid, da amino acid na iya haifar da ɓoye insulin. Kamar yadda matakan sukari na jini ke raguwa, to, matakan insulin din suna raguwa, suna masu tabbatar da cewa babu asirin insulin fiye da yadda ake buƙata.

Sakamakon ruɓewa:

Insulin yana shafar shaƙar glucose a cikin tso adi nama (adipose nama) kuma yana ƙarfafa shaƙar kitse. Insulin kuma yana ƙarfafa shaƙar glucose a cikin hanta da tsokoki. A cikin ƙwayar tsoka da a cikin ƙwayar hanta, ana canza glucose zuwa glycogen yayin glycogenesis. Glycogen shine yadda ake adanar glucose a cikin jikin mutum. Insulin yana dakatar da rushewar glycogen a cikin hanta kuma ya dakatar da samuwar da sakin glucose a cikin jini. Insulin a zahiri yana haifar da ɗaukar glucose a cikin kyallen kuma saboda haka yana haifar da raguwar sukari jini.

Ciwon sukari cuta ce wanda a ciki akwai matsaloli da suka shafi insulin. A cikin nau'in 1 na ciwon sukari, ba a saki insulin ba, kuma a cikin nau'in ciwon sukari na 2, ba a saki insulin ba, amma ƙwayoyin sun daina amsa wa insulin. Masu ciwon sukari na iya buƙatar ɗaukar allura ta insulin don rama saboda ƙarancin insulin.

Ayyukan Glucagon

Glucagon yana shafar carbohydrate, furotin da mai mai yawa. Zamu iya cewa glucagon shine insulin antagonist dangane da tasirin sa. Babban sakamakon glucagon shine karuwa a cikin taro na glucose jini. Glucagon ne wanda ke tabbatar da tsayar da matakin da ake buƙata na kayan maye - glucose, sunadarai da kitsen cikin jini yayin azumi.

1. Matsayin glucagon a cikin metabolism metabolism.

Yana samar da kwayar glucose ta:

• Ya karu glycogenolysis (gushewar glycogen zuwa glucose) a cikin hanta,
• ificationarfafa gluconeogenesis (haɗin glucose daga abubuwan da basu dace da carbohydrate) a cikin hanta.

2. Matsayin glucagon a cikin metabolism.

Kwayar halittar tana motsa jigilar glucagon amino acid zuwa hanta, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga ƙwayoyin hanta:

• sunadaran gina jiki
• Tsarin glucose daga amino acid - gluconeogenesis.

3. Matsayin glucagon a cikin ƙwayar mai.

Hormone yana kunna lipase a cikin tsopose nama, wanda ya haifar da karuwar matakan kitse da glycerin a cikin jini. Wannan a ƙarshe ya sake haifar da ƙaruwa cikin haɗuwa da glucose jini:

• glycerin azaman wanda ba shi da takaddun carbohydrate wanda aka haɗo shi kan aiwatar da gluconeogenesis - glucose,
• An canza kitse mai mai zama a cikin jikin ketone, wanda aka yi amfani dashi azaman makamashi, wanda ke adana glucose.

Menene insulin da glucagon?

Insulin na hormone shine furotin. An samar dashi ta hanyar sel-gland shine yake, ana daukar shi a matsayin na farko cikin mahimmanci a tsakanin kwayoyin halittar anabolic.

Glucagon shine polypeptide na antagonist na insulin. An samar da shi ta hanyar-a-sel na pancreas kuma yana yin aiki mai mahimmanci - yana kunna albarkatun makamashi lokacin da jiki yake buƙatarta. Yana da tasirin catabolic.

Dangantakar insulin da glucagon

Dukkanin kwayoyin halittun guda biyu sune ke motsa su ta hanjin ciki don magance metabolism. Ga yadda suke kama da:

• amsa da sauri ga canje-canje a matakan sukari, ana samar da insulin tare da haɓaka, da glucagon - tare da raguwa,
• abubuwa suna cikin hawan metabolism: insulin yana motsa jiki, kuma glucagon ya rushe, yana mai mai da karfi,
• shiga metabolism na gina jiki: glucagon yana hana shan amino acid a jiki, kuma insulin yana haɓaka tsarin abubuwa.

Kodan shima yana samarda wasu kwayoyin halittun, amma rashin daidaituwa a ma'aunin wadannan abubuwan yana bayyana sau da yawa.

Tebur a fili ya nuna kishiyar matsayin a cikin tsari na tafiyar matakai na rayuwa ta hanyar kwayoyin.

Rarraba homones a cikin jiki

Kasancewa cikin metabolism na dukkanin kwayoyin halittu shine mabuɗin zuwa ingantaccen matakin kuzarin da aka samu sakamakon samarwa da ƙone wasu bangarori.

Ana kiran ma'anar hulɗa da kwayoyin halittar cikin insulin glucagon index. An sanya shi ga duk samfurori kuma yana nufin cewa jiki zai karɓi sakamakon - makamashi ko mai mai mai.

Idan jigon ya kasance ƙasa (tare da fifikon glucagon), to, tare da rushewar abubuwan abinci, yawancin su zasu je jujjuyar da makamashi. Idan abinci ya motsa samar da insulin, to za a sanya shi cikin mai.

Idan mutum yayi amfani da samfuran furotin ko carbohydrates, to wannan yana haifar da raguwar ƙwayar cuta a cikin ɗayan alamun. A sakamakon haka, rikice-rikice na rayuwa.

Abubuwan carbohydrates daban-daban suna rushewa:

• mai sauƙi (sukari, gari mai ladabi) - da sauri shiga cikin jini kuma yana haifar da sakin insulin,
• hadaddun (gari na hatsi duka, hatsi) - a hankali ƙara insulin.

Glycemic index (GI) - ikon samfuran don tasiri matakan sukari. Theayan mafi girman lakabi, mafi ƙarfi suna ƙaruwa da glucose. Samfura tare da GI na 35-40 ba sa haifar da zato ba tsammani a sukari.

Game da tashin hankali na rayuwa, abincin da ke da mafi girman ma'anar GI ana cire shi daga abincin: sukari, kayan alade, noodles shinkafa, zuma, dankalin da aka dafa, karas da aka dafa, gero, masara, alkama, ayaba, semolina.

Me yasa ma'aunin insulin da glucagon suna da mahimmanci

Ayyukan glucagon da insulin suna da alaƙa da kusanci, saboda kawai daidaitaccen ma'aunin hormones metabolism na fats, sunadarai da carbohydrates ya kasance al'ada. A ƙarƙashin rinjayar abubuwan waje da na ciki - cututtuka, gado, damuwa, abinci mai gina jiki da kuma lafiyar dabbobi - ma'auni na iya canzawa.

Rashin daidaituwa na insulin da glucagon yana bayyana ta bayyanar cututtuka masu zuwa:

• matsananciyar yunwa, koda mutum ya ci sa'a guda da suka wuce,
• kaifi hawainiya a cikin sukari na jini - saiyayi raguwa, amma ya sake ƙaruwa,
• ƙwayar tsoka tana raguwa
• yanayi yakan canza - daga tashi zuwa cikakkiyar rashin kulawa yayin rana,
• mutum yana samun nauyi - a cinyarsa, hannaye, ciki.

Motsa jiki babbar hanya ce ta hanawa da kuma wuce gona da iri. Idan rashin daidaituwa ya dawwama na dogon lokaci, to mutum yana da cututtuka:

• ciwon sukari mellitus
• malfunctions na juyayi tsarin,
• rage aiki kwakwalwa,
• cututtukan zuciya
• kiba da cin cuta,
• matsaloli tare da shan gullu,
• maganin ciwon huhu
• atherosclerosis, hyperlipoproteinemia,
• cuta cuta da jijiyoyin jiki.

Idan ana zargin daidaituwar hormonal, ana yin gwaje gwajen jini, kuma masaniyar endocrinologist ya nemi shawara.

Ayyukan insulin da glucagon sune akasin haka, amma ba za a iya ɗauka ba. Idan kwayar halitta daya ta daina samar da yadda ya kamata, to aikin na biyu yana wahala. Saurin kawar da rashin daidaituwa na hormonal ta hanyar magunguna, magunguna da abinci shine kawai hanyar magance cutar.

Hormone

Insulin da glucagon suna da alaƙa da haɗin kai. Aikinsu shi ne tsara yadda za a tattara yawan glucose a cikin jini. Glucagon yana samar da karuwa, insulin - raguwa. Suna yin akasin haka. Stimarfafawa don samar da insulin shine ƙara yawan haɗuwa da glucose a cikin jini, glucagon - raguwa. Bugu da ƙari, samar da insulin yana hana ɓoyewar glucagon.

Idan rikicewar ɗayan waɗannan kwayoyin halittar ta lalace, ɗayan ya fara aiki ba daidai ba. Misali, a cikin ciwon sukari na mellitus, matakin insulin a cikin jini ya yi rauni, tasirin insulin a cikin glucagon ya yi rauni, a sakamakon haka, matakin glucagon a cikin jini ya yi yawa, wanda ke haifar da karuwa akai-akai a cikin glucose na jini, wanda shine abin da wannan ilimin ya nuna.

Kurakurai a cikin abinci mai gina jiki suna haifar da samar da ba daidai ba na hormones, rabonsu ba daidai ba. Zagi da abinci mai gina jiki yana motsa yawan wuce haddi na glucagon, da kuma carbohydrates masu sauki - insulin. Bayyanar rashin daidaituwa a matakin insulin da glucagon yana haifar da ci gaban cututtukan.