Magungunan jini- ofaya daga cikin shahararrun hanyoyin bincike don marasa lafiya da likitoci. Idan kun san abin da binciken ƙirar halitta ya nuna jini daga jijiya, a farkon matakan yana yiwuwa a gano da yawa cututtuka masu yawa, daga cikinsu - hoto hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri, ciwon sukari mellitus, m neoplasms m. Farkon gano irin waɗannan cututtukan yana sa ya yiwu a yi amfani da madaidaicin magani kuma a warkar da su.

Noma tana jan jini domin binciken a cikin 'yan mintuna. Kowane mai haƙuri ya kamata ya fahimci cewa wannan hanyar ba ta haifar da rashin jin daɗi. Amsar tambayar anan da aka ɗauki jinin don bincike ba a daidaita ba: daga jijiya.

Da yake magana game da abin da ke gwajin jini na ƙwayoyin cuta da abin da ke kunshe a ciki, ya kamata a la'akari da cewa sakamakon da aka samu ainihin haƙiƙa ne na yanayin yanayin jikin gaba ɗaya. Koyaya, ƙoƙarin fahimtar kai da kanka ko bincike ne na yau da kullun ko akwai wasu karkacewa daga ƙimar al'ada, yana da mahimmanci a fahimci menene LDL, menene CPK (CPK - creatine phosphokinase), don fahimtar menene urea (urea), da dai sauransu.

Babban bayani game da nazarin kwayoyin halittar jini - menene kuma abin da zaku iya ganowa ta hanyar gudanar da shi, zaku samu daga wannan labarin. Nawa ne kudin wannan bincike, kwana nawa ake ɗauka don samun sakamako, ya kamata ka gano kai tsaye a cikin ɗakin binciken inda mara lafiya ya yi niyyar gudanar da wannan binciken.

Ta yaya shirye-shiryen nazarin halittu ke faruwa?

Kafin bayar da gudummawar jini, kuna buƙatar shirya sosai don wannan aikin. Waɗanda ke da sha'awar yadda ake ƙaddamar da bincike daidai suna buƙatar yin la'akari da buƙatun abubuwa masu sauƙin sauƙi:

• bayar da jini kawai a kan komai a ciki,
• da maraice, a ranar hagu na bincike mai zuwa, ba za ku iya shan kofi mai ƙarfi ba, shayi, cin abinci mai ƙima, giya mai shaye-shaye (ƙarshen ya fi kyau kada ku sha don kwanaki 2-3),
• ba shan taba na akalla awa daya kafin bincike,
• kwana daya kafin a yi gwaje-gwajen, ba shi da kyau a aikata wani tsari na zazzabi - zuwa gidan sauna, gidan wanka, haka kuma mutum bai kamata ya fallasa kansa ga mummunan aiki na zahiri ba,
• kuna buƙatar wucewa gwaje gwaje da safe, kafin kowane tsarin likita,
• Mutumin da yake shiri don nazari, tun da ya je dakin gwaje-gwaje, yana buƙatar kwantar da hankali kaɗan, zauna don minutesan mintuna kaɗan da kama numfashi,
• Amsar tambaya ita ce shin yana yiwuwa a goge hakora kafin ɗaukar gwaje-gwaje: domin sanin daidai sukarin jini, da safe kafin nazarin, dole ne ku yi watsi da wannan tsarin tsabtace tsabtace, kuma ku sha shayi da kofi,
• bai kamata a sha shi kafin samfurin jini ba maganin rigakafimagungunan hormonal, diuretics, da sauransu,
• makonni biyu kafin binciken, kuna buƙatar dakatar da shan kwayoyi masu tasiri lipidsa jini musamman gumaka,
• idan kuna buƙatar ƙaddamar da cikakken bincike kuma, dole ne a yi wannan a lokaci guda, dakin gwaje-gwaje dole ne ya zama iri ɗaya.

Odayyade wani gwaji na ƙirar jini

Idan an yi gwajin jini a asibiti, ƙwararrun masanan za su yi fassarar alamun. Hakanan, ana iya aiwatar da fassarar alamu na nazarin ƙirar ƙwayoyin cuta ta amfani da tebur na musamman, wanda ke nuna alamun al'ada na gwaji a cikin manya da yara. Idan kowane mai nuna bambanci ya bambanta da al'ada, yana da mahimmanci a kula da wannan kuma a nemi likita wanda zai iya "karanta" duk sakamakon kuma bayar da shawarwari. Idan ya cancanta, an tsara ilimin halittar jini: ingantaccen bayanin martaba.

Tabar data yanke shawara don nazarin kwayoyin halittun jini a cikin manya

globulins (α1, α2, γ, β)

21.2-34.9 g / l

Don haka, gwajin jini na biochemical ya sa ya yiwu a gudanar da cikakken bincike don kimanta aikin gabobin ciki. Bayyana sakamakon zai ba ka damar isasshen "karanta" waɗanne bitamin, macro- da microelements, enzymes, kwayoyin jiki yana buƙatar. Kwayar halittar jini tana iya gano kasancewar cutar metabolism.

Idan kayi daidai da alamomin da aka samo, yafi sauƙin yin kowane irin cuta. Biochemistry ne mafi cikakken bincike fiye da OAC. Tabbas, ma'anar alamun alamun gwajin jini gaba daya baya bada izinin samun wannan cikakken bayanai.

Yana da matukar mahimmanci a gudanar da irin waɗannan nazarin a lokacin da na ciki. Bayan haka, babban bincike a lokacin daukar ciki baya bayar da damar samun cikakken bayani. Sabili da haka, an tsara tsarin ilimin halittu a cikin mata masu juna biyu, a matsayin doka, a farkon watanni da na uku. A gaban wasu cututtukan cuta da rashin lafiya, ana gudanar da wannan bincike sau da yawa.

A cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje na zamani, sun sami damar gudanar da bincike tare da tsayar da alamomin da aka samo na sa'o'i da yawa. An baiwa mai haƙuri tebur wanda aka nuna duk bayanan. Dangane da haka, yana yiwuwa a ma lura da yadda ƙididdigar jini suke daidai a cikin manya da yara.

Dukansu ma'adanan kala biyu na babban gwajin jini a cikin manya da kuma nazarin kwayoyin halitta an yanke hukunci tare da la'akari da shekarun da jinsi na mai haƙuri. Bayan duk wannan, yanayin tsarin ilimin halittar jini, kamar yadda ake yin gwajin jini a asibiti, na iya bambanta a cikin mata da maza, a cikin matasa da tsofaffi marasa lafiya.

Hemogram- Wannan gwajin jini ne na asibiti a cikin manya da yara, wanda ke ba ku damar gano adadin duk abubuwan da ke cikin jini, da kuma abubuwan da suke da ilimin halittar jiki, rabo farin farin selabun ciki hawan jini da sauransu

Tunda nazarin ilimin halittar jini babban bincike ne, yana kuma hada da gwajin hanta. Decryption na bincike yana baka damar sanin ko aikin hanta yayi daidai. Hepatic fihirisa suna da mahimmanci don gano cututtukan cututtukan wannan kwayoyin. Bayanan da suka biyo baya sun ba da damar tantance tsari da aiki na hanta: ALT, GGTP (Tsarin GGTP a cikin mata ya ɗan ƙanƙan da kai), enzymes alkaline phosphatase matakin bilirubin da kuma furotin gaba daya. Ana yin gwaje-gwajen hepatic idan ya cancanta don kafa ko tabbatar da cutar.

Cholinesniyyar tantance tsananin rashin ƙarfi maye da yanayin hanta, da kuma ayyukanta.

Jinin jini ƙaddara don tantance ayyukan aikin endocrine. Za'a iya samun sunan gwajin sukari na jini kai tsaye a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Ana iya samo ƙirar sukari a cikin sakamakon sakamako. Yaya ake nuna sukari? An fassara shi da kalmar "glucose" ko "GLU" a Turanci.

Tsarin doka yana da mahimmanci CRP, tunda tsalle-tsalle a cikin waɗannan alamomin yana nuna ci gaban kumburi. Mai nunawa AST yana nuna alamun cututtukan da ke tattare da lalata nama.

Mai nunawa MIDa cikin gwajin jini an ƙaddara shi yayin bincike na gabaɗaya. Matsayin MID yana ba ku damar ayyana ci gaba rashin lafiyan mutum, cututtuka masu kamuwa da cuta, cutar rashin jini, da sauransu Alamar MID tana ba ku damar tantance yanayin tsarin garkuwar mutum.

ICSUAlama ce ta matsakaita taro hawan jini a jan jini. Idan an inganta ICSU, dalilan wannan sun faru ne sakamakon rashin bitamin b12 ko folic acidkazalika da spherocytosis na haihuwar.

MPV - matsakaicin darajar ƙimar da aka auna countlet plate.

Lipidogramyana ba da shawarar ƙididdigar alamu cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides. An ƙaddara daskararren ƙwayar cuta don gano cuta na rashin lafiyar ƙwayar lipid a cikin jiki.

Al'ada jini electrolytes yana nuna hanya ta al'ada ta tafiyar matakai a jiki.

SeromucoidWani juzu'in sunadarai ne jini jiniwanda ya haɗa da glycoproteins. Da yake magana game da gaskiyar cewa seromucoid shine menene, ya kamata a lura cewa idan an lalata nama, lalata ko lalacewa, seromucoids sun shiga cikin jini jini. Sabili da haka, seromucoids sun ƙaddara don hango hasashen ci gaba tarin fuka.

LDH, LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) Shin hakane da enzymeshiga cikin hadawan abu da iskar shaka da kuma samar da sinadarin lactic acid.

Bincike akan osteocalcinda za'ayi domin gano lafiya osteoporosis.

Ma'anar C-mai amfani da furotin (CRP, PSA) a cikin manya da yaro yana sa ya yiwu a ƙayyade ci gaban m parasitic ko kamuwa da kwayan cuta, hanyoyin kumburi, neoplasms.

Nazarin kan ferritin(hadaddun sunadarai, babban daskararwar ƙwayar baƙin ƙarfe) ana aiwatar da ita tare da zargin hemochromatosis, mai kumburi da cututtuka, ciwace-ciwacen daji.

Gwajin jini don ASO mahimmanci don bincika matsaloli daban-daban bayan kamuwa da cututtukan streptococcal.

Bugu da ƙari, an ƙaddara sauran alamun, kuma ana aiwatar da wasu bin abubuwa (furotin electrophoresis, da sauransu). An nuna daidaitaccen gwajin jini na biochemical a cikin tebur na musamman. Yana nuna ka'idar gwajin jini a cikin mata, tebur kuma yana ba da bayani game da ƙimar al'ada a cikin maza. Amma duk da haka, game da yadda ake rarrabe janar gwajin jini da yadda ake karanta bayanan nazarin halittu, yana da kyau a tambayi ƙwararrun masani waɗanda zasu kimanta sakamako sosai a cikin hadaddun kuma rubuta magani da ya dace.

Bayyanar da tsarin ilimin halittar jini a cikin yara ana gudanar da shi ne ta kwararrun da suka nada karatun. A saboda wannan, ana amfani da tebur wanda aka nuna al'ada ga yara na duk alamun.

A cikin maganin dabbobi, akwai kuma abubuwan da aka tsara na sigogin jini na karnuka don karnuka da kuliyoyi - an nuna alamar halittar jini na dabba a cikin allunan da ke daidai.

Abinda wasu alamomi ke nufi a gwajin jini an tattauna dalla dalla a ƙasa.

Abinda alamu ke nunawa game da ilimin halittar jini

Jini wani nama ne daban na jikin mutum. Abun da ya ƙunsa shine haɗuwa da dama na abubuwa da mahadi waɗanda suke ciyar da jikin mu. Tare da haɓaka ci gaba na fasaha da na kimiyya, likitoci sun koya don gane ƙarancin jini a cikin abubuwan da ke cikin jini kuma suna gano cututtuka da yawa daga gare su. Sau da yawa irin wannan nau'in bayyanar cututtuka yana ba da damar gano cututtuka a farkon lokacin, lokacin da babu takamaiman bayyanar cututtuka. A yau, abubuwan da ke cikin jini na iya ƙayyade cututtukan kowane ɓangaren ciki, wanda ke sauƙaƙe bayyanar da ganewar asali da magani.

Menene gwajin jini na nazarin halittu ya nuna, kuma menene ɗabi'un waɗannan ƙimar? Tabbas, ƙididdigar jini na iya canzawa tare da tsufa ko kuma a gaban wasu cututtuka. Hakanan, wasu manuniya na iya shafar yanayin rayuwar mai haƙuri da kuma amfani da wasu magunguna. Me ya haɗa cikin gwajin jini na ƙwayoyin cuta? Ana ɗaukar jini don nazarin halittu don tantance abubuwan da jinin ya ƙunsa, wanda ke ba da damar ƙayyade aikin duk sassan jikin mutum. Binciken ya hada da kimanta adadin mahimman abubuwan jinin.

Kamar yadda alamomin matsakaita ke cikin manya an dauke shi:

Me karkacewar wadannan alamu ke nufi?

Kowane ɗayan waɗannan abubuwan yana nuna yanayin wani sashin kwayoyin. Idan alamomi ya wuce ko saukar da shi, kwararru na iya sanin ko wacce jikin ne ya lalace. A wannan yanayin, an tsara ƙarin hanyoyin bincike, kuma ana gudanar da cikakken bincike. Me ma'anar karkacewa cikin binciken yake nufi:

Glucose Mutane suna kiran wannan kashi sukari. Wannan alamar tana da mahimmanci a cikin gano ciwon sukari. Matakan sukari na jini na iya bambanta da shekaru. Ratesarin adadin na iya nuna kasancewar cututtuka kamar:

• Ciwon sukari mellitus.
• Jiki ko damuwa na jiki.
• Thyrotoxicosis.
• Cutar.
• Hormoneara haɓakar hormone.
• Ciwon Cusus.
• Kwayar cutar kansa
• Cututtukan cututtukan hanta da hanta.

Rage matakan glucose na iya haifar da ci gaba na waɗannan cututtuka:

• Gajiyawar jiki.
• Levelsara yawan matakan insulin.
• Cutar Pancreatic.
• Oncological cututtuka.
• Abubuwan endocrine.

Bilirubin. Orange dye jini. Ana samar da wannan launi a cikin hanta kuma lokacin da aka haɓaka, ana gwada mai haƙuri don jaundice. Matsakaicin matakan bilirubin na iya kasancewa a cikin wadannan cututtukan:

• Ciwon mara.
• Cirrhosis.
• Mai fama da cutar hauka.
• Dutse a cikin gall mafitsara.
• Zazzabin cizon sauro

AST. Enzyme wanda aka samar ta hanta da ƙwayoyin tsoka. Mutumin da ke da lafiya yana iya ɗaukar adadi kaɗan a cikin jini. Menene karuwa a AST? Da farko dai, idan har aka keta matakin AST, likitoci sun binciki cututtukan zuciya. Wadannan Manuniya na iya karuwa cikin cututtuka kamar:

• Cirrhosis.
• Ciwon mara.
• Rashin hanta.
• Saukar jini na Myocardial.
• Rashin zuciya.
• Sauran cututtuka na zuciya da hanta.

ALT. An samo enzyme a cikin sel hanta. Zai iya shigar da jini yayin yawan kisan kwayoyin hanta. Me yasa ake gwada ALT? Tare da karuwar ALT, likitoci da farko suna duba hanta don mummunan cututtukan da aka bayyana ta kwayoyin necrosis. ALT yana ƙaruwa da:

• Cirrhosis na hanta.
• Chemical guba na hanta.
• Ciwon hanta
• Cutar hepatitis na kowane asali.
• Ciwon zuciya.

Gamma GT. Enzyme da ake samarwa a cikin hanta da ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta. Menene karuwar enzyme a cikin jini yana nufin? Wuce haddi Gamma-GT yana nuna waɗannan cututtuka:

• Duk wata cutar hanta.
• Cutar Pancreatic.
• Oncology na pancreas.
• Al'adun shan giya
• Addua.

Phosphotase. An samo enzyme a cikin dukkanin sassan jikin mutum. Tare da karuwa a cikin enzyme, likitoci da farko suna duba mai haƙuri don cututtukan hanta da ƙashi.

Cholesterol. Ya kasance na babban lipids jini. Yana hade ta hanyar hanta ya shiga jiki da abinci. Anarin cholesterol yawanci yana nuna rashin daidaitaccen abincin mai haƙuri.

Haɓaka yana da haɗari ta hanyar ci gaban cututtukan zuciya.

Amintaccen. Mai nuna alamar furotin gaba daya cikin jini yana da matukar mahimmanci a cikin binciken cututtukan jini, hanta, kodan da kuma hanyoyin kumburi. Hakanan yana da mahimmanci don sarrafa ba wai kawai cikakken adadin furotin ba, har ma da gasayenta.

Potassium Sau da yawa likitocin suna binciken karuwar kwayar potassium a cikin jini, wanda ke nuna cutar koda. Alamar rikicewa shine raguwar adadin fitsari. Rage yawan potassium na iya faruwa tare da cin abinci mai tsayi, zawo, amai, aikin nakasa.

Sodium. Manuniyar sodium suna da mahimmanci a cikin binciken cututtukan jini, cututtukan tsarin tsoka, raunin da ya faru na ƙwayoyin jijiya, da rikice-rikice na metabolism ruwa a cikin jiki.

Urea Wannan samfurin ragewar sunadarai ne. Me yasa ake buƙatar wannan alamar? Urea an fitar dashi a cikin fitsari. Wuce abubuwan da ke cikin sa a cikin jini yana ba likitocin dalilin shakkar aikin nakasar. Zai iya ƙaruwa tare da waɗannan cututtuka:

• Glomerulonephritis.
• Rashin zuciya.
• Cutar mahaifa.
• Yawan ƙonewa.

Iron Muhimmin abu akan samuwar jini. Tare da rashin wannan sashin, ana iya lura da cututtuka daban-daban na dukkanin gabobin da kyallen takarda. Yana da mahimmanci musamman don sarrafa matakin baƙin ƙarfe a cikin mata masu juna biyu, saboda rashinsa na iya haifar da mummunan rikice-rikice yayin haihuwa.

Wannan ba cikakken jerin abubuwan binciken bane; sakamakon binciken, zaku iya lura da cikakken hoto, wanda likitan zai iya yankewa.

Yaushe ne ake yin wannan binciken?

An wajabta gwajin jini don nazarin halittu don duk marasa lafiya da suka yi gunaguni a wurin likita. Hakanan, yin bincike ya zama tilas ga mata masu juna biyu, tsofaffi da mutanen da aka aika don kula da marasa lafiya. Binciken da aka nuna dole ne a yi shi, saboda shine matakin farko na ganewar asali idan ana ziyartar mai ilimin tauhidi.

Kimantawa manyan alamomin, likita zai sami damar gano ɓarna na ɗaya ko wani sashin, gano hanyoyin ɓoye ɓoyayyiyar tsari da kimanta yanayin mai haƙuri. Idan ba tare da wannan binciken ba, ba shi yiwuwa a binciko cututtukan gabobin ciki. Dangane da sakamakon gwaje-gwajen ne kawai, likita zai iya ba da ƙarin ƙarin nazarin kwayoyin halittu wanda aka gano zargin cutar.

Wannan bincike na iya nuna ba wai kawai kasancewar cutar ba, har ma da karancin bitamin da ma'adanai, sannan likitan ya ba da izinin maganin bitamin. Mutane da yawa suna yin watsi da rashin ƙwayar takamaiman bitamin. Koyaya, rashi mara ƙarfi na ɗayan abubuwan zai iya haifar da mummunar sakamako, alal misali, karancin potassium yana haifar da cututtukan zuciya, raguwa a cikin matakan ƙirar kalma yana haifar da lalata ƙashi da tsarin tsoka, da dai sauransu.

Yadda ake nazari

Mutane da yawa suna rikitar da gwajin jini gaba ɗaya tare da ɗaya. Wannan akwai dabaru daban daban guda biyu kuma tsarin jini yana faruwa ne ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Menene ilimin halittar dabbobi? Wannan bincike ne game da kayan da aka karɓa daga jijiyar mara lafiya. Hanyar mai sauƙi ne, amma saboda mutane da yawa suna da ban sha'awa sosai.

Bayan samfurin, ana aika jini zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje, inda, ta amfani da kayan aiki na musamman, an ƙaddara abun da ke cikin jini.

Dole ne a dauki gwajin jini daga jijiya kawai a kan komai a ciki da safe. Kowane mai haƙuri ya kamata ya san abin da zai iya shafar ainihin abin da ke cikin jini kuma ya ware waɗannan abubuwan. Likitocin ba za su iya tantance karkacewa kawai idan akwai dalilai masu zuwa:

• Cin abinci na tsawon awanni 8 kafin bincike.
• Shan giya na kwanaki 7 kafin bincike.
• Shan shayi da kofi kafin shan jini.
• Activityarfafa aiki na yau da kullun kafin bincike.
• Shan taba kafin bada gudummawar jini.
• Shan magunguna.

Magungunan jini

Binciken kwayoyin halittar jini - hanyar bincike na dakin gwaje-gwaje wanda zai ba ka damar kimanta aikin gabobin ciki (hanta, kodan, fitsari, mafitsara, da sauransu), sami bayani akan metabolism (metabolism of lipids, sunadarai, carbohydrates), gano buƙatar gano abubuwan.

Binciken

• Kulawar lafiya (aƙalla lokaci 1 a shekara). Wajibi ne a tabbatar cewa a cikin shekarar adadin adadin jinin da aka karɓa daga mutum, gami da dalilai na bincike, baya wuce ƙimawar ƙwayoyin sel jini.
• Cututtukan da suka shude ko na yau da kullun.

Binciken

Kafin gudanar da nazarin halittu na jinin dan adam, ana yin matakan shirya zama dole. Ana sanya ƙawanne na musamman a kan hannu sama da gwiwar hannu. Wurin samin jini yana maganin riga-kafi tare da maganin rigakafi don hana kamuwa da cuta. An saka allura a cikin jijiya, kuma bayan cika jijiyar ulnar da jini, ana jan jini. Idan ba zai yiwu a gudanar da yin gwajin jini daga jijiyar ulnar ba, ana yin gwajin gwajin jini daga wasu jijiyoyin da ake samu don bincike da gyarawa. An zuba jini a cikin bututun gwaji sannan a aika shi da dakin gwaje-gwajen kwayoyin.

Yadda ake murkushe bincike

Yawancin marasa lafiya, bayan sun karɓi sakamakon nazarin, suna yanke shawarar yanke hukunci kansu, amma ba su yin hakan ba bisa ga yanayin yanayin su ba, amma bisa ga bayanan yanar gizo. Koyaya, wannan gaba daya abin yarda ne. Specialistwararren ƙwararren ƙwararren masani ne kawai zai iya kwatanta duk bayanan kuma ƙaddara maganin ku. Gaskiyar ita ce sakamakon mutum zai iya ma'anar cututtuka daban-daban, kawai cikakken bincike yana ba da cikakken hoto game da lafiyar ku.

Dangane da matsakaicin alamun alamun abubuwan mutum zai iya kasancewa cikin yanayin bincike kan wasu cututtuka. Don haka, alal misali, zaku iya sarrafa sukarin ku da kansa yayin magani. Lokacin yin bincike, yana da mahimmanci a la'akari da shekarun mai haƙuri, jinsi da kasancewar cututtukan ƙwayar cuta ko cututtukan gado.

A yau, likitoci sun nace cewa ilimin ilimin halittar jini hanya ce ta wajibi don yin gwajin farko da kuma tantance matsayin lafiyar mara lafiya. Idan an sanya ku wannan nazarin, yi ƙoƙarin bi duk ƙa'idodi don isar da shi. Wannan zai bawa kwararru damar yin cikakken nazari game da lafiyarku da kuma magance cututtukan latent a lokaci mai dacewa. Ana ɗaukar gwajin jini don ƙirar ƙwayoyin cuta a kowane asibiti na jama'a ko cibiyar bincike mai zaman kanta. Kula da lafiyarku kuma bi shawarar likita.

Jimlar furotin, jimlar furotin

Protin yana da yawa a jikin mutum, kamar yadda yake daukar bangare wajen kirkirar sabbin sel, a jigilar abubuwa da samuwar humasin rigakafi.

Protein yana dauke da abu 20 masu mahimmanci amino acid, suna kuma ƙunshe da abubuwa marasa inganci, bitamin, sharan mai da ƙwaya da na carbohydrate.

Bangaren ruwa na jini ya ƙunshi sunadarai kimanin 165, haka kuma, tsarinsu da aikinsu a jiki sun sha bamban. Sunadarai sun kasu kashi uku:

Tunda samar da sunadarai suna faruwa a hanta musamman hanta, matakin su yana nuna aikinta na roba.

Idan proteininogram ya nuna cewa jikin yana nuna raguwa a cikin adadin furotin, wannan an bayyana shi azaman hypoproteinemia. An lura da irin wannan sabon abu a cikin waɗannan abubuwan:

• tare da matashin furotin - idan mutum ya lura da wani abinciaikata rashin cin ganyayyaki kawai
• idan akwai haɓakar ƙwayar furotin a cikin fitsari - tare da furotinururiacutar koda na ciki,
• idan mutum ya yi hasara mai yawa - tare da zub da jini, lokaci mai nauyi,
• a cikin tsananin ƙonewa,
• tare da exudative umarnin, exudative pericarditis, ascites,
• tare da haɓakar mummunan cutar neoplasms,
• idan tsarin furotin ya lalace - tare da cirrhosishepatitis
• tare da raguwa a cikin abubuwan sha - tare da maganin ciwon huhu, ƙwallon ƙafa, ƙwayar cuta, da dai sauransu,
• bayan tsawanta amfani da glucocorticosteroids.

Increasedarin matakan furotin a jiki shine tsoka. Ya rarrabe tsakanin kamuwa da cuta da rashin daidaituwa.

Kusancin girman sunadarai yana tasowa idan aka rasa sashin ruwan ruwan plasma. Wannan na faruwa idan akai akai na damuwa da kwalara.

An lura da cikakkiyar karuwa cikin furotin idan matakai masu kumburi suka faru, myeloma.

Cakudawar wannan abun da kashi 10% ya canza tare da canji a matsayin jiki, da kuma yayin aikin jiki.

Me yasa nau'ikan tarin furotin suke canzawa?

Fraungiyoyin kariya - bul walbins, albumin, fibrinogen.

Tabbataccen jinin bioassay ba ya haifar da ƙaddarawar ƙwayar cutar fibrinogen ba, wanda ke nuna tsarin aikin jijiyoyin jini. Coagulogram- bincike wanda aka tabbatar da wannan alamar.

Yaushe ne matakan matakan ɓarayin gina jiki?

Matsayin Albumin:

• idan asarar ruwa ta gudana yayin cututtukan,
• tare da konewa.

Glo-globulins:

• tare da tsari na cututtukan cututtukan namarheumatoid amosanin gabbai, dermatomyositis, scleroderma),
• tare da purulent kumburi a cikin wani m siffan,
• da ƙonewa a lokacin dawowa,
• nephrotic syndrome a cikin marasa lafiya tare da glomerulonephritis.

Glo- globulins:

• tare da hyperlipoproteinemia a cikin mutane masu ciwon sukari, atherosclerosis,
• tare da mai fama da jini a ciki ko hanji,
• tare da cutar nephrotic,
• a hawan jini.

Gamma globulins suna ɗaukaka cikin jini:

• tare da kamuwa da cuta da kwayan cuta da kwayan cuta,
• tare da cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan nama na nama (rheumatoid arthritis, dermatomyositis, scleroderma),
• tare da rashin lafiyan mutum
• don ƙonewa
• tare da mamayewa helminthic.

Yaushe ake rage ragowar furotin?

• a cikin sabbin jarirai saboda rashin ci gaban hanta sel,
• a edema huhu
• yayin daukar ciki
• tare da cututtukan hanta,
• tare da zub da jini
• idan tara tarin jini a cikin cajin mahallin,
• tare da mummunan ciwace-ciwacen daji.

Nitrogen metabolism matakin

A cikin jiki ba kawai gina sel bane. Har ila yau, suna lalata, kuma tushen tasirin nitrogen yana tarawa. Halittar su tana faruwa a hanta ta mutum, ana keɓe su ta hanjin kodan. Saboda haka, idan alamunmetabolism na nitrogen haɓakawa, yana iya zama mai hana hanta ko aikin koda, da kuma ƙarfewar sunadarai masu yawa. Babban Manuniya na metabolism - creatinine, urea. Determinedarancin da aka ƙayyade shine ammonia, creatine, saura nitrogen, uric acid.

Urea (urea)

Dalilin karuwa:

• glomerulonephritis, m da na kullum,
• nefarinas,
• cututtukan mahaifa,
• guban tare da abubuwa daban-daban - dichloroethane, ethylene glycol, gyada mai,
• hauhawar jini
• hadarin cuta
• polycystic ko tarin fukakoda
• na gazawar.

Dalilai na ragewa:

• karuwar fitowar fitsari
• gudanarwar glucose
• gazawar hanta
• maganin hemodialysis,
• rage a tafiyar matakai na rayuwa,
• azumi
• hawan jini.

Dalilin karuwa:

• na koda gazawa a cikin m da na kullum siffofin,
• ƙetare ciwon sukari mellitus,
• cututtukan zuciya,
• acromegaly
• hanji na baka,
• tsoka dystrophy
• ƙonewa.

Uric acid

Dalilin karuwa:

• cutar kuturta
• gout,
• Rashin bitamin B-12
• cututtuka na m yanayin,
• Cutar Wakez
• cutar hanta
• mai fama da cutar sankara
• ilimin halittar fata,
• guba na carbon monoxide, barbiturates.

Ana daukar glucose a matsayin babban mai nuna alamun metabolism. Babban samfurin makamashi ne wanda yake shiga cikin tantanin halitta, tunda muhimmin aikin kwayar ya dogara da oxygen da glucose. Bayan mutum ya ci abinci, glucose ya shiga hanta, kuma a can ana amfani dashi ta hanyar glycogen. Sarrafa waɗannan ayyukan kwayoyin pancreas - insulinda glucagon. Sakamakon karancin glucose a cikin jini, hauhawar jini ya hauhawa, wuce kima ta na nuna cewa ana samun hauhawar jini.

Take hakkin taro na glucose a cikin jini yana faruwa ne a wadannan lamura:

Hypoglycemia

• tare da tsawaita azumi,
• idan akwai wani malabsorption na carbohydrates - tare da farashi, kamuwa da cuta, da sauransu,
• tare da hypothyroidism,
• tare da cututtukan hanta na hanta,
• tare da rashin ƙarfi adrenal bawo,
• tare da hypopituitarism,
• Idan yawan insulin na insulin ko magungunan shaye-shaye wadanda ake dauka a baki,
• a meningitis, encephalitis, insuloma, meningoencephalitis, sarcoidosis.

Hyperglycemia

• tare da ciwon sukari mellitus na farko da na biyu,
• tare da thyrotoxicosis,
• idan akwai ci gaban tumbi glandar gland,
• tare da haɓakar neoplasms na adrenal bawo,
• tare da pheochromocytoma,
• a cikin mutanen da suke yin maganin glucocorticoid,
• a fargaba,
• tare da raunin rauni da ciwacewar kwakwalwa,
• tare da-psycho-wani tunanin tashin hankali,
• idan guba na carbon monoxide ya faru.

Bala'i na metabolment na pigment a cikin jiki

Musamman furotin masu kariya sune peptides wanda ke dauke da karfe (jan ƙarfe, baƙin ƙarfe). Waɗannan su ne myoglobin, haemoglobin, cytochrome, cerulloplasmin, da sauransu. BilirubinShine ƙarshen lalata irin waɗannan furotin ɗin. Lokacin da kasancewar erythrocyte a cikin saifa ta ƙare, bilirubin reductase an samar da shi ta hanyar biliverdin reductase, wanda ake kira kai tsaye ko kyauta. Wannan bilirubin mai guba ne, saboda haka yana cutarwa ga jiki. Koyaya, tunda saurin haɗinsa da albumin jini ya faru, guba na jiki baya faruwa.

A lokaci guda, a cikin mutanen da ke fama da cutar cirrhosis, hepatitis, babu wata alaƙa da glucuronic acid a cikin jiki, don haka bincike ya nuna babban matakin bilirubin. Bayan haka, bilirubin kai tsaye yana ɗaure zuwa glucuronic acid a cikin ƙwayoyin hanta, kuma ya juya zuwa ɗaure ko bilirubin kai tsaye (DBil), wanda ba mai guba ba. An lura da babban matakin sa a Ciwon Gilbert, biliary dyskinesia. Idan an yi gwajin aikin hanta, ɓoye su na iya nuna babban bilirubin kai tsaye idan ƙwayoyin hanta sun lalace.

Ci gaba tare da bile Ana ɗaukar bilirubin daga bututun hepatic zuwa ƙwayar cuta, sannan zuwa duodenum, inda samin yake faruwa urobilinogen. Hakanan, yana shiga cikin jini daga karamin hanji, zuwa cikin kodan. A sakamakon haka, fitsari yana ta launin rawaya. Wani sashi na wannan abun a cikin hanji an fallasa shi zuwa enzymes na kwayan cuta, ya juya zuwa sterkobilinkuma stains feces.

Jaundice: me yasa yake faruwa?

Akwai matakai guda uku na ci gaba a jikin jamu:

• Yunkurin aiki mai yawa na haemoglobin, da kuma sauran sunadarai na alade. Wannan na faruwa tare da cutar haemolytic, cizon maciji, kazalika da hauhawar cututtukan jijiyoyi. A cikin wannan halin, samar da bilirubin yana faruwa sosai, saboda haka hanta ba ta da lokacin aiwatar da wannan adadin bilirubin.
• Cututtukan hanta - cirrhosis, ciwace-ciwacen daji, hepatitis. Tsarin Pigment yana faruwa a cikin ɗakunan al'ada, amma ƙwayoyin hanta waɗanda suka kamu da cutar basu iya adadin aiki na al'ada.
• Take hakkin ambaliyar bile. Wannan na faruwa ne a cikin mutane masu fama da ƙwayar cuta, cholecystitis, matsanancin cholangitis, da sauransu Saboda matsawa daga ƙwayar biliary, kwararar bile cikin hanji ya daina, kuma yana tarawa a cikin hanta. Sakamakon haka, bilirubin ya shiga cikin jini.

Ga jiki, duk waɗannan yanayin suna da haɗari sosai, dole ne a kula da su cikin gaggawa.

Ana bincika jimlar bilirubin a cikin mata da maza, da g its abayenta, a cikin halaye masu zuwa:

Metabolism na lipid ko cholesterol

Don ayyukan nazarin halittu, sel suna da mahimmanci. lipids. Sun shiga cikin aikin gina bangon tantanin halitta, a cikin samar da adadin kwayoyin halittun da bile, bitamin D. Fatty acid sune tushen samar da makamashi ga tsokoki da gabobin jiki.

Fats a cikin jiki ya kasu kashi uku:

• triglycerides (menene triglycerides ya zama mai tsaka tsaki),
• na kowa cholesterol da gabobin sa,
• phospholipids.

Lipids a cikin jini an ƙaddara su a cikin irin waɗannan mahadi:

• Chylomicrons (a cikin abubuwanda aka samar dasu yawanci triglycerides),
• HDL (HDL, yawa mai yawa na lipoproteins, cholesterol mai kyau)
• LDL (VLP, ƙarancin lipoproteins mai yawa, "mummunan" cholesterol),
• VLDL (ƙarancin lipoproteins mai yawa sosai).

Tsarin cholesterol yana nan a cikin nazar da gwaje-gwajen halittu na jini. Lokacin da za'ayi wani bincike game da cholesterol, ƙudurin ya haɗa da dukkan alamu, duk da haka, alamomin jimlar cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, da HDL sune mafi mahimmanci.

Ba da gudummawar jini don ilimin halittu, ya kamata a tuna cewa idan mai haƙuri ya karya ka'idodin shirya domin bincike, idan ya ci abinci mai ƙima, alamu na iya zama ba daidai ba. Sabili da haka, yana da ma'ana don sake duba cholesterol. A wannan yanayin, kuna buƙatar yin la’akari da yadda za ku ƙaddamar da gwajin jini da kyau don cholesterol. Don rage ƙarfin aiki, likita zai ba da tsarin kulawar da ta dace.

Me yasa rashin lafiyar metabolism yake aiki kuma menene yake haifar da shi?

Jimlar cholesterol ta hau idan:

Jimlar cholesterol an rage idan:

• cirrhosis
• m hanta tsarin,
• rheumatoid amosanin gabbai,
• azumi
• hauhawar thyroid da parathyroid gland,
• COPD
• malabsorption na abubuwa.

Triglycerides yana ƙaruwa idan:

• giya cirrhosis,
• hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri
• barasa
• biliary cirrhosis,
• mawancinke
• cututtukan farji
• na kullum na koda,
• hauhawar jini
• Ciwon zuciya, infarction na zuciya,
• ciwon sukari mellitus, hypothyroidism,
• haila,
• ciki
• gout
• Ciwon mara
• m intermittent porphyria.

Triglycerides yana rage idan:

• hauhawar gland, thyroid da parathyroid,
• COPD
• malabsorption na abubuwa
• rashin abinci mai gina jiki.

• a 5.2-6.5 mmol / l akwai ƙaramin matakin karuwa a cikin ƙwayar cholesterol, duk da haka, akwai yiwuwar akwai haɗarin bunkasa atherosclerosis,
• a 6.5-8.0 mmol / L, an daidaita matsakaiciyar haɓaka cholesterol, wanda za'a iya daidaita shi ta amfani da abincin,
• 8.0 mmol / L ko sama da haka - hauhawar farashi don wanne magani ya wajaba, shirin sa don rage cholesterol, likita ya ƙaddara.

An ƙaddara digiri na biyar na dyslipoproteinemia dangane da yadda yawan ƙwayar lipid ke canzawa. Wannan yanayin yana haifar da cikas ga ci gaban manyan cututtuka (atherosclerosis, ciwon sukari, da sauransu).

Enzymes jini

Kowane dakin gwaje-gwajen kwayoyin halitta yana kuma tantance enzymes, sunadarai na musamman waɗanda ke hanzarta halayen sunadarai a cikin jiki.

Babban enzymes jini:

• asotate aminotransferase (AST, AST),
• aminn aminotransferase (ALT, ALT),
• gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT, LDL),
• alkaline phosphatase (alkaline fosfase),
• creatine kinase (QC),
• alfa amylase.

Abubuwan da aka lissafa suna ƙunshe cikin gabobin jiki daban-daban, a cikin jininsu akwai kaɗan. Ana auna enzymes a cikin jini a cikin U / L (raka'a ta ƙasa).

Aslta aminotransferase (ACAT) da alanine aminotransferase

Enzymes wanda ke da alhakin canza aspartate da alanine a cikin halayen sunadarai. Ana samun babban adadin ALT da AST a cikin kasusuwa na zuciya, hanta, da kasusuwa na kasusuwa. Idan akwai karuwa a cikin AST da ALT a cikin jini, wannan yana nuna cewa an lalata ƙwayoyin gabobin. Dangane da haka, matakin da yake tattare da wadannan tsofaffin enzymes wani bangare ne na jinin dan adam, kwayoyin halitta sun mutu, kuma, saboda haka, halakar kowane sashin jikin. Yadda za a rage ALT da AST sun dogara da ganewar asali da kuma rubutaccen likita.

An ƙaddara digiri na uku na karuwar enzymes:

• 1.5-5 sau - haske,
• 6-10 sau - matsakaita,
• 10 sau ko fiye - babba.

Wadanne cututtuka ne ke haifar da karuwa a AST da ALT?

• mafi girman infarction (an lura da ƙarin AlT),
• m hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri hepatitis (more AST lura),
• muguwar cutar cizo da metastasesa hanta
• mai guba lalacewar sel hanta,
• hadarin cuta.

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)

Wannan enzyme yana yanke shawarar cire phosphoric acid daga mahallin sunadarai, da kuma samar da phosphorus a cikin sel. An ƙaddara ƙasusuwa da hanta na alkaline phosphatase.

Matakan enzyme ya tashi tare da irin waɗannan cututtukan:

• myeloma
• osteogenic sarcoma,
• kumarasanshin,
• hepatitis
• kashin kasusuwa
• magani da guba mai guba,
• karaya na warkarwa
• osteomalacia, osteoporosis,
• kamuwa da cutar cytomegalovirus.

Gammaglutamyl fassarar (GGT, glutamyl transpeptidase)

Ya kamata a sani, tattaunawa game da GGT, cewa wannan abu yana cikin metabolism na fats, yana ɗaukar triglycerides da cholesterol. Ana samun mafi girman adadin wannan enzyme a cikin kodan, prostate, hanta, pancreas.

Idan GGT yana sama, abubuwan da ke haifar da su yawanci suna hade da cutar hanta. Canjin enzyme gammaglutamine (GGT) shima ana ɗaukaka shi a cikin ciwon sukari. Enzyme gamma-glutamyltransferase kuma yana ƙaruwa lokacin da cutar mononucleosismaye giya a cikin marasa lafiya da bugun zuciya. Informationarin bayani game da GGT - menene, zai gaya wa gwani wanda ya yanke sakamakon binciken. Idan GGTP ya haɓaka, za a iya tantance dalilan wannan abin ta hanyar gudanar da ƙarin nazarin.

MADRASKIN KAS

Ya kamata ayi la'akari dashi yayin tantance jini CPK cewa wannan enzyme ne wanda ake lura da babban ɗumbin ƙwayoyin tsoka, a cikin myocardium, ƙaramin adadinsa yana cikin kwakwalwa. Idan akwai haɓakar enzyme na phosphokinase, abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙaruwa suna da alaƙa da wasu cututtuka.

Wannan enzyme yana aiki da aiwatar da juyawa ta hanyar halittar mahaifa, yana kuma tabbatar da tsayar da haɓakar metabolism a cikin tantanin halitta. Tsarin QC uku an bayyana:

• M - cikin ƙwayar tsoka,
• MV - a cikin ƙwayar zuciya
• BB - a cikin kwakwalwa.

Idan jini ya samar da ƙwayoyin halittar jini, to kuwa yawanci ana alakantawa da halakar ƙwayoyin gabobin da aka lissafa a sama. Idan creatine kinase a cikin jini ya yi girma, dalilan na iya zama kamar haka:

Alfa amylase

Ayyuka amylases- rarrabe hadaddun carbohydrates cikin sauki. Ana samun Amylase (diastasis) a cikin ƙwayar hanji da ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta. Lokacin datse gwaje-gwaje akan layi ko ta hanyar likita, ana jawo hankali ga haɓaka da rage wannan alamar.

Alfa amylase yana ƙaruwa idan aka lura:

• m pancreatitis
• ciwon kansa
• kututture
• hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri
• m renal gazawar
• giya mai tsayi, da glucocorticosteroids, tetracycline.

Alfa amylase an rage idan an lura:

• infarction na zuciya
• sabbinna,
• gubayayin daukar ciki
• cikakken cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan zuciya na jiki.

Jiki na rawa - menene?

Sodium da potassium sune manyan abubuwan lantarki a cikin jinin mutum. Ba wani tsari na sunadarai guda daya a cikin jiki da zai iya yi ba tare da su ba. Ionogram na jini - bincike, yayin da ake tantance hadaddun microelements a cikin jini - potassium, alli, magnesium, sodium, chloride, da sauransu.

Yana da matukar mahimmanci don tafiyar matakai na rayuwa da enzymatic.

Babban aikinta shine gudanar da sha'awar lantarki a cikin zuciya. Sabili da haka, idan aka karya ƙa'idar wannan abun a cikin jikin mutum, wannan yana nuna cewa mutum yana iya samun lalacewar aikin myocardial. Hyperkalemia wani yanayi ne wanda ake haɓaka matakan potassium, ragewar hypokalemia.

Idan an inganta potassium a cikin jini, gwani yakamata ya nemo dalilai ya kuma kawar dasu. Bayan haka, irin wannan yanayin na iya yin barazanar haɓaka yanayin da ke da haɗari ga jiki:

• arrhythmias(toshewar intracardiac, firamiliya na atrial),,
• take hakkin hankali
• faduwar BOKA,
• bugun bugun jini
• mai raunin hankali.

Irin waɗannan halayen suna yiwuwa idan adadin potassium ya karu zuwa 7.15 mmol / L ko ƙari. Sabili da haka, ya kamata a sa ido a cikin potassium a cikin mata da maza.

Idan jini na bioassay yana samar da matakan potassium da kasa da 3.05 mmol / L, irin waɗannan sigogi suma suna cutar da jiki. A wannan yanayin, an lura da alamun bayyanar:

• tashin zuciya da amai
• wahalar numfashi
• rauni na tsoka
• rauni na zuciya
• fitar da fitsari da kuma feji.

Hakanan yana da mahimmanci nawa sodium yake a cikin jiki, duk da cewa wannan sashi ba shi da hannu a cikin metabolism kai tsaye. Sodium yana cikin ruwan extracellular. Yana kula da matsa lamba na osmotic da pH.

Ana cire sodium a cikin fitsari, wannan tsari yana sarrafa aldosterone - hormone na adrenal bawo.

Hypernatremia, wato, matakan da ke cikin sodium masu haɓaka, yana haifar da jin ƙishirwa, damuwa, rawar jiki da karkatarwa, tashin hankali da coma.

Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)

Ya kasance a cikin hanta da kodan, ƙwayar tsoka (cardiac, skeletal). Lokacin da aka lalata su, yana shiga jini, adadinsa yana ƙaruwa. Wannan alama ce:

• hepatitis - hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri, kwayoyi, tare da guba, giya,
• ciwan ciki da hanta ko cirrhosis,
• jaundice
• raunin ƙwayar zuciya (dystrophy), kumburi (myocarditis), bugun zuciya,
• rarrabuwa a cikin jini
• lahani na farji - cututtukan hanji, farji da farji,
• rauni fiber rauni, ƙonewa.

Yana ragewa tare da cikakkiyar hanta, rashi na bitamin B6.

Aspartic Aminotransferase (AST)

Babban abincinta na faruwa a cikin myocardium, sel sel. Hakanan ana samun AST a cikin hanta, tsokoki, da tsokoki na jijiya. A cikin maza, aiki ya fi na mata. Tare da infarction na myocardial, haɓakar AST shine farkon farkon, an gano shi tun kafin canjin ECG. Haka kuma, mafi yawan lalacewa, mafi girma da kudi.

Idan babu raguwa a matakin a rana ta 3, to wannan yana nufin yaduwar lalacewar zuciya, rikitarwa, bayyanar sabbin fotiyo.

Fassarar Goma Glutamine (GGT)

Akwai su da yawa a cikin bututun bile, kodan da hanta. Yana ƙaruwa da irin waɗannan cututtuka:

• kumburi da tsarin biliary (ducts, gall mafitsara), duwatsu,
• hepatitis
• barasa
• guba
• lalacewar koda - glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis,
• maganin ciwon huhu
• Cancers na prostate, pancreas, hanta.

Alkaline phosphatase

Ayyukanta suna nuna yanayin kodan, hanta, bututun ƙarfe da ƙashin ƙashi. Withara tare da:

• duwatsu a cikin tsarin biliary,
• ciwan hanta, cirrhosis, hepatitis,
• lalata kasusuwa yayin karaya, taushi, karuwar samuwar hormone na parathyroid gland.

Activityarancin aiki yana faruwa tare da anemia, zub da jini, rashin hodar iblis ta thyroid, rashi sinadarin phosphorus, zinc da magnesium.

An ƙirƙiri mafi yawa yayin fashewar haemoglobin. Yana shiga cikin jini a cikin nau'i mai guba - kaikaice. Tare da kyakkyawan aiki, hanta ya haɗu tare da sunadarai, sakamakon abin da kai tsaye ya juya zuwa kai tsaye, mara ƙarancin haɗari. Jimlar kai tsaye da kuma kai tsaye ana kiranta bilirubin. Ba daidai ba an ɗaukaka tare da:

• erythrocyte rushewa - jaundice a cikin jarirai, ƙwayoyin jini masu lahani (membrane ana iya lalata), anemia tare da rigakafi, enzymatic, lalacewa, guba,
• rashi wani enzyme wanda ke magance bilirubin (ciwo na Gilbert),
• Pathology na hanta - hepatitis, hepatosis, tumo, metastases daga wasu gabobin, cirrhosis.

• lalacewar hanta tare da barasa, kwayoyi, kansa, cutar hepatitis, mononucleosis (kamuwa da cuta),
• matsaloli a cikin fashewar bile (a cikin bile bututun hanta ko ducts na hanji) - jaundice tare da toshewa da dutse, ciwace-ciwace, tokantar cicatricial bayan kumburi, cututtukan cikin mahaifa (Rotor, Johnson).

• hemolytic (saboda lalata ƙwayoyin sel jini),
• Parenchymal (aikin hanta mai rauni),
• inji (kumburi ko katangar da ke jikin bile da dutse, tumo).

An cika shi da abinci na carbohydrate (sukari, gari, 'ya'yan itatuwa, zuma). Tare da rashin insulin (nau'in ciwon sukari na 1) ko kuma cin zarafi game da shi (nau'in ciwon sukari na 2, kiba), hawan jini yana ƙaruwa. Ratesarancin kuzari na faruwa tare da yawan ƙwayar magunguna masu saurin sukari (yawanci allurar insulin), yunwar ciki, ciwan hanji.

Jimlar furotin

Wannan alamar yana nuna jimlar albumin da globulin. Gwajin jini zai nuna karuwa a irin wannan yanayi:

• fitsari - amai, yawan fitar fitsari tare da ciwon insipidus, ketoacidosis a cikin masu ciwon suga,
• kumburi - m cututtuka, da haɓaka da na kullum cututtuka, autoimmune cututtuka (dermatomyositis, rheumatoid amosanin gabbai, periarteritis, thyroiditis),
• formationarin haɓakar ƙwayoyin mahaifa a cikin myeloma, ciwo na Waldenstrom,
• buga tare da babban ƙona,
• mummunan kumburi na cututtukan peritoneum (peritonitis).

Proteinarancin furotin na jini alama ce ta:

• hanawa daga samuwar hanta (cirrhosis, aikin gubobi, kwayoyi, barasa, hepatitis),
• malabsorption na amino acid daga hanjin,
• karancin enzymes na cututtukan cututtukan da ke haifar da abinci,
• asarar fitsari a cikin cututtukan koda (glomerulonephritis, nephropathy a cikin ciwon sukari, polycystic)
• lalata kwayoyin halittar - da yawa kwayoyin halittar adrenal gland, glandar glandon, ciwan kansa, konewa, raunin jiki, girgiza, guban jini (sepsis),
• canji daga furotin daga jini zuwa ramin - tara tarin ruwa a cikin ciki (ascites), jakar farji (pericarditis), tsakanin membranes na gamsar huhun huhu (fatawa).

Alkaline phosphatase

Ayyukanta suna nuna yanayin kodan, hanta, bututun ƙarfe da ƙashin ƙashi. Withara tare da:

• duwatsu a cikin tsarin biliary,
• ciwan hanta, cirrhosis, hepatitis,
• lalata kasusuwa yayin karaya, taushi, karuwar samuwar hormone na parathyroid gland.

Activityarancin aiki yana faruwa tare da anemia, zub da jini, rashin hodar iblis ta thyroid, rashi sinadarin phosphorus, zinc da magnesium.

An ƙirƙiri mafi yawa yayin fashewar haemoglobin. Yana shiga cikin jini a cikin nau'i mai guba - kaikaice. Tare da kyakkyawan aiki, hanta ya haɗu tare da sunadarai, sakamakon abin da kai tsaye ya juya zuwa kai tsaye, mara ƙarancin haɗari. Jimlar kai tsaye da kuma kai tsaye ana kiranta bilirubin. Ba daidai ba an ɗaukaka tare da:

• erythrocyte rushewa - jaundice a cikin jarirai, ƙwayoyin jini masu lahani (membrane ana iya lalata), anemia tare da rigakafi, enzymatic, lalacewa, guba,
• rashi wani enzyme wanda ke magance bilirubin (ciwo na Gilbert),
• Pathology na hanta - hepatitis, hepatosis, tumo, metastases daga wasu gabobin, cirrhosis.

• lalacewar hanta tare da barasa, kwayoyi, kansa, cutar hepatitis, mononucleosis (kamuwa da cuta),
• matsaloli a cikin fashewar bile (a cikin bile bututun hanta ko ducts na hanji) - jaundice tare da toshewa da dutse, ciwace-ciwace, tokantar cicatricial bayan kumburi, cututtukan cikin mahaifa (Rotor, Johnson).

• hemolytic (saboda lalata ƙwayoyin sel jini),
• Parenchymal (aikin hanta mai rauni),
• inji (kumburi ko katangar da ke jikin bile da dutse, tumo).

An cika shi da abinci na carbohydrate (sukari, gari, 'ya'yan itatuwa, zuma). Tare da rashin insulin (nau'in ciwon sukari na 1) ko kuma cin zarafi game da shi (nau'in ciwon sukari na 2, kiba), hawan jini yana ƙaruwa. Ratesarancin kuzari na faruwa tare da yawan ƙwayar magunguna masu saurin sukari (yawanci allurar insulin), yunwar ciki, ciwan hanji.

Jimlar furotin

Wannan alamar yana nuna jimlar albumin da globulin. Gwajin jini zai nuna karuwa a irin wannan yanayi:

• fitsari - amai, yawan fitar fitsari tare da insipidus na ciwon suga, ketoacidosis a cikin masu ciwon suga,
• kumburi - m cututtuka, da haɓaka da na kullum cututtuka, autoimmune cututtuka (dermatomyositis, rheumatoid amosanin gabbai, periarteritis, thyroiditis),
• formationarin haɓakar ƙwayoyin mahaifa a cikin myeloma, ciwo na Waldenstrom,
• buga tare da babban ƙona,
• mummunan kumburi na cututtukan peritoneum (peritonitis).

Proteinarancin furotin na jini alama ce ta:

• hanawa daga samuwar hanta (cirrhosis, aikin gubobi, kwayoyi, barasa, hepatitis),
• malabsorption na amino acid daga hanjin,
• karancin enzymes na cututtukan cututtukan da ke haifar da abinci,
• asarar fitsari a cikin cututtukan koda (glomerulonephritis, nephropathy a cikin ciwon sukari, polycystic)
• lalacewar kwayoyin da aka kirkira - karin kwayoyin halittar glandon adrenal, glandon thyroid, ciwan kansa, ƙonewa, raunin jiki, girgiza, guban jini (sepsis),
• canji daga furotin daga jini zuwa ramin - tara tarin ruwa a cikin ciki (ascites), jakar farji (pericarditis), tsakanin membranes na gamsar huhun huhu (fatawa).

An kirkiro shi a cikin tsokoki kuma kodan ya keɓe shi. Anyi la'akari da samfurin ƙarshe na furotin metabolism. Kwayar halittar jini ta bayyanar da wani karin nuna alama a cututtukan koda:

• cutar huhu,
• nephropathy ga ciwon sukari, ciki,
• glomerulonephritis,
• amyloidosis
• tarin fuka
• urolithiasis,
• kumburi da koda.

Kadan daga baya, rushewar muryoyin tsoka (rhabdomyolysis) ya zama:

• rauni, tsawanta matsawa,
• karancin zuciya,
• dermatomyositis (cututtukan autoimmune),
• rikicewar wurare dabam dabam,
• da amfani da kwayoyi don rage cholesterol.

Har ila yau, ana nuna alamun da ke saman al'adar a cikin wadannan cututtukan:

• thymoma (tumomus tumor),
• kansa, ciki har da jini,
• na ciki, zubar jini na hanji, hanji,
• buga daga rauni, ƙonewa,
• wuce haddi adrtal cortisol, thyroid hormones, shan su analogues.

An kirkira shi yayin rushewar sunadarai. A nuna alama yana aiwatar da ayyukan metabolism da yanayin tace kodan. Yana tashi tare da cututtukan koda guda ɗaya kamar creatinine. Reasonsarin dalilai sune:

• abinci mai gina jiki, musamman tare da hana gishiri,
• rashin ruwa, yawan ci,
• mummunan cututtuka
• ƙonewa
• jihar bugawa
• hanji na hanji,
• ciwon sukari mellitus tare da rikitarwa,
• infarction na zuciya
• kasawar rashin ƙarfi.

Ya rage tare da lalacewar hanta, matsananciyar abinci, abinci mai cin ganyayyaki, ciwan huhun ciki tare da haɓakar haɓakar hormone girma da vasopressin.

Jimlar cholesterol

Ya zo tare da abinci (kitse na dabba), amma mafi yawan (80%) yana hade da sel hanta. Ya karu da:

• cutar koda (nephrotic syndrome),
• hepatitis saboda shan barasa, magani, hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo, mai guba,
• stagnation na bile.

Abinda ke kunshe cikin fadada bincike game da ilimin halittar jini

An tsara wani bincike mai zurfi game da nazarin ƙwayoyin halittar jini lokacin da aka samo ɓarna a cikin mafi ƙarancin bayanin martaba, likitansa na iya ba da shawarar gwajin jini na farko idan ya zama dole don bayyana aikin kowane tsarin jikin mutum:

• metabolism na electrolyte - potassium, alli, sodium, chlorine (rashin ruwa, canje-canje na matsa lamba, bugun zuciya, cututtukan koda, canje-canje na hormonal),
• jini baƙin ƙarfe (tare da anemia, jini asara),
• lipids - matakin lipoprotein hadaddun ƙananan, babba da ƙarancin ƙasa, ana nazarin triglycerides don atherosclerosis, hauhawar jini, ciwon sukari mellitus, angina pectoris, lalata hanta, shan sigari,
• amylase - da ake buƙata a cikin binciken cututtukan ƙwayar cuta na ƙwayar cuta mai ƙonewa (pancreatitis),
• lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) - da ake buƙata don zargin rashin ƙarfi daga ciki ko na huhun ciki, lalata ƙwayoyin jini (haemolytic anemia).

Bayanan da aka fadada ya hada da fibrinogen. Wannan furotin yana nuna yanayin tsarin coagulation na jini, da kuma yiwuwar tsarin kumburi. A cikin batun na ƙarshe, ana nazarin alamun tare tare da furotin na C-reactive da antistreptolysin-O, abu mai rheumatoid. Wannan rukuni na bincike ana kiranta da rheumatic hadaddun.

Me yasa aka ba da gudummawar jini don ilimin halittu

Suna yin gwajin jini don nazarin halittu don kimantawa:

• aikin hanta hanta,
• ajiyar koda
• gaban kumburi da aikinta,
• samuwar enzymes don narkewa da kuma sinadaran insulin da ke motsa jini,
• tsarin sha na hanji,
• hadarin atherosclerosis, ciwon suga, angina pectoris,
• da bukatar ma'adinai
• lalata lalacewa tare da ciwon zuciya.

Iri sunadarai na jini

Baya ga fadada da ƙaramin kwamiti, likita zai iya zaɓar rukuni na alamun da ke nuna aikin kowane sashin jiki ko tsarin. Saboda haka, akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan nazarin halittu na jini:

• gwajin koda - creatinine, urea, furotin gaba daya,
• Gwajin hanta - bilirubin (gabaɗaya, kai tsaye), enzymes (AST, ALT, GGT, LDH, alkaline phosphatase),
• Bayanan lipid - cholesterol, abubuwan samar da abinci na lipoprotein, triglycerides,
• m lokaci mai kumburi - furotin C-mai amsawa, fibrinogen.

Yaya ake yin gwajin kwayoyin halittar jini?

Binciken nazarin halittu ana yin shi ne kawai ta hanyar maganin cututtukan fata, tare da tsarin binciken da aka shirya shi ana shawarar shan shi da safe. Shiri yana da matukar muhimmanci ga wannan bincike, kamar yadda yawancin gwaje-gwaje suke amsa canje-canje a tsarin abinci, salon rayuwa da magani. Saboda haka, yana da kyau a kiyaye waɗannan ƙa'idodi masu zuwa:

• Kwanaki 3-5 don samun shawara da likita game da shan magunguna, idan ba zai yiwu a katse hanyar da ake bi ba, ana nuna duk magunguna a kan takardar juyawa,
• ware cin abinci na bitamin, kayan abinci a cikin kwanaki 2-3,
• Awanni 48 don daina shan barasa, kuma a kowace rana daga abinci mai ɗaci, soyayyen mai yaji, kofi, shayi mai ƙarfi,
• a ranar da ya gabata, aikin motsa jiki da wuce gona da iri, shan wanka mai zafi, kasancewa a gidan wanka, sauna an hana,
• a zazzabi da kuma kamuwa da cuta, zai fi kyau a jinkirta jarrabawa, idan ba a yarda da wannan matakin da likitan halartar ba,
• tsananin kiyaye tazara daga cin abinci na ƙarshe zuwa ziyarar dakin gwaje-gwaje - 8-12 hours, da safe kawai talakawa ana shan ruwan sha,
• idan an tsara kayan aikin gwaji (x-ray, tomography), ilimin halittar jiki, sannan suna wucewa bayan gudummawar jini,
• kai tsaye kafin bayyanar dakin gwaje-gwaje, ba a yarda da shan sigari a cikin rabin awa ba, ya kamata a guji tasirin damuwa.

Littafin tunani

Inganci da ƙoshin lafiya shine mabuɗin don ingantaccen rayuwa. Ba asirin cewa abinci kai tsaye ke shafi yanayin jikin ba. Sakamakon rashin abinci mai gina jiki na iya isa.

Directory> Mawallafin Abinci: Marina Stepanyuk

Waɗanda ke gabatar da azumi azaman hanyar warkarwa mai tasiri sukan yi magana game da fa'idodin ta. Amfanin bushewar azumi shine cewa ɗayan ɗayan hanyoyin magani ne.

Directory> Mawallafin Abinci: Marina Stepanyuk

Don jiki ya yi aiki daidai, kuma mutum ya ji faɗakarwa da lafiya, yana buƙatar cin abinci yadda yakamata. A halin yanzu, akwai adadi mai yawa na masu yawa.

Directory> Mawallafin Abinci: Marina Stepanyuk

A yadda aka saba, mafitsara yana da sifar lu'u-lu'u, yana bambance ƙasa (ƙarshen sashin), jiki da wuya (ɓangaren kunkuntar). Wannan sashin jikin rami ne na bile (yana daukar 40-60 ml), wanda.

Leukocyturia wani sabon abu ne na ci gaba mai ɗorewa a cikin abubuwan farin jinin sel - leukocytes a cikin urinalysis. A al'ada, a cikin manya, dangane da jinsi, ana gano leukocytes a cikin maza.

Cututtukan> Cututtukan ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta Marubuci: Daria Slobodyanyuk

Marasa lafiya tare da gunaguni na ƙwannafi da rashin jin daɗi yayin wuce abinci ta cikin esophagus ana gano su da GERD. Menene wannan Wannan raguwa na tsaye ga gastroesophageal reflux.

Cututtuka> Cututtukan kayan narkewa Marubuci: Vladimir Konev

Agusta 18, 2018

Kiba (lat. Obesitas - cika, mai kitse) cuta ce wacce take kama da tarin yawaitar tsoze nama a jikin mutum, wanda hakan ke haifar da hauhawar nauyi.

Cutar Cutar> Ciwon Gaba ɗaya da Alamomin Marubuci: Eugene Yankovsky

Hallucination hoto ne da ke tasowa a cikin tunani kuma bai dace da mai motsawa na waje ba. Sanadin hallucinations na iya zama mai yawan gajiya, wasu cututtuka na kwakwalwa.

Kwayar cutar> Tsinkaye da Halayen Marubuci: Eugene Yankovsky

Idan ƙafafun mutum koyaushe suna daskarewa, a matsayin mai mulkin, wannan yanayin a hankali ya zama al'ada gare shi, kuma baya tsinkayen wannan al'amari a zaman wani abu mai firgita. A matsayinka na mai mulki.

Kwayar cutar> alamomin gaba ɗaya da alamomin Marubuci: Marina Stepanyuk

Abun da ke tattare da 100 milliliters na ƙwayar ido na Okomistin ya ƙunshi ƙwayar magani mai aiki benzyldimethyl ammonium chloride monohydrate a cikin adadin 10 mg. Tsabtataccen ruwa da chloride.

Miramistin ya ƙunshi abu mai aiki - Benzyldimethyl ammonium chloride monohydrate - 100 MG, da kuma tsarkakakken ruwa. Sauran abubuwa ba a cikin Miramistin ba. Form.

Magunguna> Magungunan Antiseptics Marubuci: Marina Stepanyuk

Abun da kebul na capsule guda ɗaya don gudanarwa na baka ya haɗa da ƙwayoyin cuta Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 a cikin adadin 10 zuwa 9 CFU. Hakanan ya ƙunshi ƙarin.

Ictionaryamus na likita

Aseptik wani saiti ne na matakan da aka yi niyyar hana shigar shigar da kananan kwayoyin cuta zuwa cikin raunin rauni da kuma ci gaban cututtukan da ke tattare da hakan.

Bitamin masu sauki ne na kwayoyin halitta daban-daban. Kasancewa a cikin adadin adadin halayen sunadarai da ke faruwa a jikin mutum, suna yin ayyukan alamar.

Bacteremia shine kasancewar kwayoyin cuta a cikin jini. Penetration a cikin jinin kananan halittu microorganisms na faruwa ta hanyar lalacewar mucous membranes, wuraren fata, harma da cuta.

Duk wata tsohuwar mintina wacce ta dawo da tunanin mafarkin ta tsaftace jikinta da dawowa wad'annan nau'ikan da suka gamsar da ita a lokacin haihuwa.

Gabaɗaya Bayani Babban fatar fuska koyaushe yana fuskantar cutarwa - wannan shine tasirin yanayin waje, da kuma sakamako na amfani koyaushe.

Cikakken bayani Shine cututtukan cututtukan ƙwayar cuta na dubura, sannu-sannu da juyawar hankali. Ta fuskar lalacewar kwarara da.

Anna: Na sha fama da kashin baya na shekaru goma sha biyu. Da kyau kawai hanya tana taimakawa.

Vladimir: Marina, sannu! Abin mamaki ne cewa babu maganganu a cikin labarin! Amma batun shine.

Kira: A karo na farko da na ji cewa bayan Alflutop sun sami kilo 15 na nauyi))) Wani irin maganar rashin hankali. Wannan ba haka bane.

Anna Perova: Na kuma ɗauki Angiorus, kyakkyawan magani ne kuma mai araha ne. Ina da matakin farko har zuwa yau.

Duk kayan da aka gabatar a shafin yanar gizon don bayanai ne da dalilai na ilimantarwa kawai kuma ba za a iya ɗaukarsu azaman hanyar magani ko isasshen shawarwari da likita ya tsara ba.

Gudanar da aikin yanar gizon da marubutan labarin ba su da alhakin kowane asara da sakamakon da zai iya faruwa lokacin amfani da kayan shafin.

Gwajin gwaji

Gwajin gwaji- cikakken gwajin jini na rigakafi, wanda ya hada da yin nazari don tantance dalilin rheumatoid, bincike game da kewaya kwayoyin cuta, ƙaddarar ƙwayoyin cuta zuwa o-streptolysin. Ana iya aiwatar da gwaje-gwaje na kai-da-kai, da kuma wani ɓangaren karatun da ke tattare da rigakafi. Ya kamata a yi gwaje-gwaje na huhu idan akwai korafi na jin zafi a cikin gidajen abinci.

Saboda haka, cikakken nazarin warkewar jini na ƙirar ƙwayar cuta nazari ne mai mahimmanci a cikin yanayin binciken. Yana da mahimmanci ga waɗanda suke so su gudanar da cikakkiyar ƙididdigar yawan jini ko gwajin jini a cikin polyclinic ko a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje don la'akari da cewa kowane dakin gwaje-gwajen yana amfani da takamaiman saitin reagents, masu nazarin da sauran na'urori. A sakamakon haka, halayen alamu na iya bambanta, wanda dole ne a yi la’akari da shi yayin nazarin abin da gwajin jini na asibiti ko kuma sakamakon ƙurar halitta ya nuna. Kafin karanta sakamakon, yana da mahimmanci a tabbata cewa form ɗin da aka bayar a cibiyar likitancin yana nuna ƙa'idodin don ƙididdige sakamakon gwajin daidai. Hakanan an nuna daidaiton UAC a cikin yara akan fom, amma dole ne likita ya kimanta sakamakon.

Mutane da yawa suna sha'awar: nau'i na gwajin jini 50 - menene kuma me yasa zan sha shi? Wannan bincike ne don sanin kwayoyin dake cikin jikin idan ya kamu. HIV. Binciken f50 ana yin duka biyu tare da tuhuma game da HIV kuma tare da burin rigakafin cikin mutum mai lafiya. Hakanan yana da kyau a shirya daidai don irin wannan binciken.